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©utUnes in 
IHniteb States Ibistory 



Hillsdale School Supply & Publishing Co. 
Hillsdale, Michigan. 



©utlines in 
mnitcb States Ihistory 

^rranjjeb |^g p. 1?. Botwera 



An outline devised to help students in 
the study of American History and for 
review work in High Schools, County Nor- 
mals, and Normal Colleges. 




Copyright 1922 by 

Hillsdale School Supply & Publishing Co. 

Hillsdale, Michigan. 



Foreword 



^8 



To Toaehrrs jind StiKlcnts. 

Dear Friends: This outline is prepared 
to help you in the study of American His- 
tory. It contains sufficient material for 
a systematic review of this subject but 
where time permits, it should be used as 
a guide with a number of text books as 
reference. 

We are indebted to Miss Bessie V. Pow- 
ers, of the History Department of the 
Saginaw Public Schools for the prepara- 
tion of a part of the material and to Miss 
Ruth O'Melay for many valuable sugges- 
tions and corrections of the manuscript. 
Hillsdale School Supply & Publishing Co. 

Hillsdale, Michigan 
September 10, 1922. 



©r;i,A<>B<>449 



lemcH «r pittspoid. Mien. 



OCT 24 1922 



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(I^ittltncs in Hnttclt #taks ^istaru 



PBEHISTORIC A3IERICA 



AMERICAN HISTORY covers only about four hundred 
years. Before that time only a few important facts are 
known. In ancient times animals now extinct roamed 
over the country. Skeletons of these mammoth animals 
have been unearthed. The country was inhabited by a 
race of people we call Indians. Lief Ericson, a Norwe- 
gian, probably discovered North America in 1000 when he 
reached Nova Scotia. He called the new land Vinland, 
but since no settlement was made at that time or any- 
thing of importance accomplished, we give no credit to 
the Northmen for the discovery of America. 



GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE IN EUROPE 
IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY 

— — 

It was generally believed that the earth was flat, al- 
though a few writers were venturing to advance the 
theory that the world might be round. Europe, the 

northern part of Africa, and southwestern Asia was the 
extent of the known world at that time. 

Note: — Look up trade routes. Why so named? 

Map of trade routes — Gordy, page 7; Thwaites and 
Kendall, page 2; Beard and Bagley, page 16. 



PERIODS IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



1 — ^Period of Discovery and Exploration, 1492-1607 

2 — ^Period of Settlement and Colonization, 1607-1775 

3— Period of Revolution, 1775-1781. 

4 — Critical Period or Formation of the Union, 1781-1789 

5 — Period of National Development, 1789-1861 

6— Period of Civil War, 1861-1865 

7 — Period of National Expansion, 1865-to the present. 



OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



PERIOD OF DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION. 
(1492-1607) 



EVENTS WHICH LED TO THE 

DISCOVERY OF AMERICA 

1 — Inventions: Printing, compass, gunpowder, astrol- 
abe. How did these help? 

2— Trade routes to Asia were cut off by the Turks when 
they captured ConstantiixOple in 1453. This city had 
been the meeting place of the people of Europe and Asia. 

3 — Florence and Venice were also commercial centers 
and carried on an extensive commercial trade with the 
East. This trade was disturbed by the Turkish invasion. 

4 — Central Europe and many of the caravan routes 
were infested with robbers. What were caravan routes? 

5 — The Renaissance in Europe. Teacher explain Ren- 
aissance and Revival of Learning. 

6 — Growing belief that the earth was round and by sail- 
ing west, India and other trade centers of the Orient 
might be reached. 

TO THE TEACHER. 

Direct library and medieval history reading to con- 
firm the foregoing. USE MAPS FREELY. 

TOPIC FOR STUDY AND RESEARCH WORK. 

Give full account of Columbus, his early life, re- 
lating his plans, his appearance at the different 
courts of Europe, his start, travel route, and landing. 
Tell of his subsequent voyages. 

TO THE STUDENT: Keep in mind that Columbus 
was but a mere man, not a white winged angel. 
He was poor, but he had valor, will-power, and 
determination, and succeeded in carrying out his 
plans and discovered for the World the Western 
Hemisphere. 

NOTE TO TEACHER: It is a fine thing to com^ 
memorate the anniversary of the discovery of 
America by having some pupil report before the 
school the life history of Columbus on October 
12. The number of years intervening between 
1492 and the present time represents the period 
covered by American history. 



OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



After Columbus returned home and the results of 
his voyage became generally known, Spain, 1 ortugal, 
France, England and the Netherlands all became in- 
terested in New World discovery and explo^ ation. 

NAMING OF AMERICA. 

This new country was named after Americus Vespuc- 
ius who, some historians claim, followed in the foot- 
steps of Columbus, and between the years of 1501 and 
1503 made two journeys to Brazil and later published a 
ma^ of the country. This map fell into the hands of 
a German professor who suggested that the name of 
America be given to the new land. Originally this 
name applied only to Brazil, but later included the 
whole territory embraced in the Western Hemisphere. 



SPANISH EXPLORATIONS 

BALBOA (1513), FONCE DE LEON (1513) 
MAGELLAN (1519-22) DE NARVAEZ (1628) 
CORTEZ (1521) PIZARRO (1531-34) 

DE SOTO (1539-41) CORONADO (1540) 
MENENDEZ (1565) 

1 — BALBOA, from a high peak on the Isthmus of Pana- 
ma, beheld the Pacific ocean. It is related that 
later he came down and wading into the water with 
a banner of Spain in one hand and his unsheathed 
sword in the other, proclaimed that all the land 
washed by the waters of this ocean should belong to 
the crown of Spain forever. 

2 ^PONCE DE LEON was governor of Porto Rico. He 
heard from the Indians of a wonderful fountain of 
youth in the land at the North. He headed an ex- 
pedition which landed on the mainland on Easter 
Sunday. He gave it the name of Florida after th6 
Spanish name of Easter or Festival of Flowers. 

3 — MAGELLAN skirted the coast of South America. Pass- 
ing through the strait which bears his name, he en- 
tered on a long cruise across the Pacific, and reached 
the Philippine Islands where he was killed by the na- 
tives. One of his ships completed the circumnaviga- 
tion of the globe by crossing the Indian Ocean, 
rounding the Cape of Good Hope, and then home to 
Lisbon. 

4— CORTEZ conquered Mexico. 



OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



5 — DE NARVAEZ, exploring the northern coast of the 
Gulf of Mexico, finally reached and discovered the 
Mississippi River. 

6 — PIZARRO conquered Peru, the home of the Incas, and 
found the gold for which the Spaniards were in 
search. 

7 — DE SOTO landed in the region of Tampa Bay, marched 
inland, and finally reached the Mississippi River, 
where he died and was buried beneath its waters. 

8 — CORONADO and his men explored the southwestern 
part of the present United States, 

9--MENENDEZ founded St. Augustine, the oldest per- 
manent settlement in the United States. 

SUMMARY: Through discovery and exploration, Spain 
claimed all the land along the Gulf of Mexico, the 
southwestern part of the United States, all of Mex- 
ico, South America, and the West Indies. Closely 
in the wake of discovery and exploration, were the 
Spanish missionary priests whose object was to con- 
vert the Indians. Ruins of many of the old Spanish 
missions are evidence to-day of the early activity 
of these martyrs to the faith. Santa Fe was found- 
ed by the Spanish in 1582. 



ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS 

THE CABOTS (1497) 
SIR FRANCIS DRAKE (1577-79) 
SIR WALTER RALEIGH (1584) 
MARTIN FROBISHER (1576) 

1— THE CABOTS were sent out by Henry VII of England 
for the purpose of discovery and exploration in the 
New World. They discovered and explored the terri- 
tory from Labrador to the Carolinas thus giving the 
English the basis of their claims to the eastern coast 
of North America. 

2— SIR FRANCIS DRAKE rounded Cape Horn, explored 
the region of California and Oregon, and laid the 
basis of the English claim to the western coast of 
North America. He returned by way of Cape of 
Good Hope and was the first Englishman to circum- 
navigate the globe. 

3— SIR WALTER RALEIGH attempted to colonize the 
New World for the purpose of trade. He made three 
expeditions. First in 1584, to Roanoke Island and 



OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



returned with glowing reports. He named the 
country Virginia in honor of Queen Elizabeth. Sec- 
ond expedition, 1585, established a colony, and had 
some trade with the Indians. The colony failed and 
the survivors were taken back to England. Tobacco 
and the potato were introduced into England by 
these people. The third expedition in 1587 was a 
failure. Raleigh was later beheaded by king James 
■ of England. 

4— MARTIN FROBISHER, seeking a north-west passage 
to India, cruised about Newfoundland. 

SUMMARY: Through discovery and exploration, Eng- 
land claimed the strip along the Atlantic seatoard 
from Newfoundland to the southern boundary of the 
Carolinas, and westward indefinitely. 



FRENCH EXPLORATIONS 



CHAMPLAIN (1603) .^lARQUETTE (1673) 

VERRAZANO (1524) CARTIER (1534) 

LA SALLE (1682) 

1 — VERRAZANO discovered and explored the northeast- 
earn part of United States and Canada. 

2 — CARTIER discovered and sailed up the St. Lawrence 
River and passed the site of the old city of Quebec. 

3 — CHAI\iPLAIN was governor of New France, discover- 
ed Lakes Champlain and Ontario, and in 1608 founded 
Quebec. Champlain cultivated the friendship of 
the Indians in the northeast which later proved det- 
rimental to the French in justifying and holding the 
territory they claimed. 

4— FATHER MARQUETTE and JOLIET were Jesuit 
Missionaries, They were zealous in converting the 
Indians to the Catholic faith. They traversed the 
Great Lake region and down the Mississippi to the 
Arkansas. 

5 — LA SALLE, the greatest French explorer, sailed down 
the Mississippi to its mouth and took possession of all 
the lands drained by this great river for King Louis 
XIV of France, after whom he named it Louisiana. 

SUMMARY: Through discovery and exploration, France 
claimed the basins of the St. Lawrence and the Miss- 
issippi rivers and Canada. They established many 
missions and trading posts. All settlements were 
made for homes or trade. The French were very 
zealous in the fur trade industry. 



OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



DUTCH EXPLORERS 



HENRY HUDSON (1609) 

-HUDSON was an English navigator hired by the Neth- 
erlands for the purpose of finding an all sea route to 
Asia. He sailed into New York Bay and up the Hud- 
son River to about the present site of Albany. 



PORTUGESE EXPLORATIONS 



Portugal confined her explorations to cruises along the 
west coast of Africa, eventually rounded the Cape 
of Good Hope, and reached the far east by the Indian 
Ocean route. 

I3IP0RTANT DATES ■ 1492, 1497, 1534, 1588. 



OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



II. PERIOD OF SETTLE3IENT AND COLONIZATION 
(1607 ■ 1775) 

— o 

The period of settlement and colonization of America 
can be studied to better advantage if student and teach- 
er possess a fair degree of knowledge of the general 
conditions existing in European countries in the six- 
teenth century, and a working knowledge of some of the 
more important events in their history. 

THE REIGN OF THE TUDOK KINGS. 
Henry VII 1485-1509 
Henry VIII - 1509-1547. 
Edward VI - 1547-1553. 
Mary - 1553-1558. 
Elizabeth - 1558-1603. 

This period was an eventful time for the English 

people. 

1. Intensive progress in arts, science and trade. 

2. Separation of Church and State. 

3. A prominent literary period. 

4. A general transition from the old to the new 

order of things. 

THE REIGN OF THE STUART KINGS. 
James I - 1603-1625. 
Charles I - 1625-1649. 

Commonwealth and Protectorate 1649-1C60. 
Charles II - 1660-1685. 
James II - 1685-1688. 
William and Mary - 1689-1702. 

The distinctive feature of this period is the ard- 
uous and continuous struggle on the part of the 
people against the arbitrary and unconstitutional 
government of the Stuart sovereigns. 

Belief of Stuarts in the doctrine of the Eivine 

Right of Kings, 
Petition of Rights and Declaration of Rights (Bill 
of Rights) important in constitutional history 
of England. 

THE REIGN OF THE HANOVERIAN KINGS. 

George I - 1714-1727. 

George II - 1727-1760. 

George III - 1760-1820. 

Only the first three of the Hanoverian kings af- 
fected our history. The period was characterized 
by a great religious revival under the eailier ivings 
of this line. 



10 OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



GEOGRAPHICAL AND CLI3IATIC CONDITIONS 

AFFECTING NORTH AMERICA. 

Northern Part: 

1. Rugged climate developed an industrious energet- 

ic people. 

2. Good harbors promoted commerce. 

3. Land required hard work. 

4. Rivers rapid, thus affording good water power for 

manufacturing. 

Southern I'art. 

1. Warm climate. 

2. Very few good harbors. 

3. Land very fertile. 

4. Rivers, broad and excellent for commerce and 

travel. 



THE LONDON AND PLYMOUTH C03IPANIES. 

Settlement began to follow discovery. The LONDON 
and the PLYMOUTH COMPANIES were organized in 
England for the purpose of settling America. The Ply- 
mouth grant of land extended from Long Island to Nova 
Scotia in width and west across the continent from sea 
to sea. The venture was unsuccessful. The London 
grant of land began near the mouth of the Potomac and 
extended south in width to about Cape Fear, and west- 
ward across the continent from sea to sea. These claims 
overlapped the French claims in the Mississippi vaUey 
and later were one of the causes of the French and Indian 
War in 17£4. 

Look on the map for these companies' claims. 

\vhy were these companies so named? 

A.hy did the Plymouth Company fail? 

Why was the London Company fairly successful? 

Fiom whom were these grants of land obtained? 

What colonies were established in the Plymouth 

Company's claims? 
Did the claim of either of these companies include 

the place where you now live? 
Study your history and discuss the settlement of 

land between the two grants. 



OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 11 



THE THIRTEEX ORIOIXAL C0L0ME8, named in order 
of their settlement were YIROIMA, NEW YORK, 
MASSACHUSETTS, NEW HA3IPSHIRE, CONNECTI- 
CUT, 3IARYLAND, RHODE ISLAND, DELAWARE, 
NORTH CAROLINA, NEW JERSEY, SOUTH CARO- 
LINA, PENNSYLYANIA, and GEORGIA. 

THREE FORMS OF COLONIAL GOVERNMENT: 
ROYAL, PROPRIETARY, CHARTER. 

1 — Ro.val colonies were under the direct supervision of 

the King. 
2 — Propi'ietar.y colonies were under the supervision of 

a proprietor or over-lord appointed by the King. 
3 — Charter colonies had only such powers as were given 

by a charter obtained from the King. 



YIRGINIA 

Purpose of Settlement. 

The very first settlers were gentlemen and soldiers 
of fortune who came on a money making venture. 

The later settlers were men with families who 
came to establish homes and develop trade. 

First Settlement - Jamestown in 1(507. 

Government. 

At first, Virginia was under a charter form of 
government. The early governors were Lord Dela- 
ware, who was succeeded by Dale, a very stern ruler. 
By a later charter in 1619, the government was under 
the control of a governor and a representative assem- 
bly composed of twentv-two members. This was the 
FIRST REPRESENTATIVE ASSEMBLY in America. 
In 1624, a Royal form of government was establish- 
ed with Lord Berkley as governor. There was gener- 
al dissension among the people toward the govern- 
ment until the adoption of the Constitution. 

STUDY YOUR HISTORY FOR ADDITIONAL IN- 
FOR^lATION regarding government. 

Difficulties of the Colonists. 

a — Labor troubles. 

b — Starving time. — When? - Cause? 

c — Indian difficulties. 

d— Bacon's Rebellion. — How? — When? —Why? 



12 OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



What They Did. 

a — Made a success of growing and selling tobacco. 

b — They learned that happiness and success were 
gained through labor and industry. 

c — They established homes and plantations, and de- 
veloped the county system, 

d — They developed individual effort and thinking. 

e — They established the family life. 

f — They were the first to try and later succeeded 
with a representative form of government. 

Introduction of Slarery. 

a — Indentured servants. 

b — Slavery introduced. 

In 1619, a Dutch sea captain, with a cargo of/^e- 
groes from Africa, stopped at Jamestown. He 
sold them to the colonists. As their labor was 
profitable on the tobacco plantations, the slave 
trade flourished, a fact which helped to cause the 
Civil War. 

NOTE: Watch carefully the growth and develop- 
ment of slavery in the New World. 

Education. 

Discouraged by some of the leaders. People of 
wealth engaged private teachers or sent their sons to 
England to be educated. William and Mary's Col- 
lege was established in 1692. 

Prominent People. 

John Smith, Pocahontas, Lord Delaware, Dale, 
Nathaniel Bacon, and Berkley. 

In addition to the above prominent characters, 
Virginia later furnished four well known American 
statesmen, Washington, Jefferson, ]^,- ad; son and Mon- 
roe. 

Occupation. 

Raising and exporting tobacco. 



-o- 



tIASSACHUSETTS 

Virginia had its origin in the plans of a trading 
company. 

Massachusetts had its origin in the establishment of 
ideals in freedom, religion and education. 



OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 13 

Purpose of Settloinent. 

To secure homes and freedom of worship. 

Mrst Settlement. — Pljinoiith in 1620. 

Plymouth Colony was settled by PURITANS, a class 
of people who were dissatisfied with the Established 
Church of England and wanted a more purified form 
of worship. In the hope of finding a satisfactory 
home, a group or these people fled to Holland, and 
later to America. These people were called PILGRIMS 
after they had traveled from one country to another. 
The Pilgrims were industrious, thrifty, and religious. 

Who was King of England at that time? 
What were the religious difficulties? 
Why did the Puritans not stay in Holland? 
Describe their voyage to the New World. 

Read "The Landing of the Pilgrims" by Hemans. 

Government. 

Authority was established by the Mayflower Compact 
which is called the First Written Constitution in the 
world. Plymouth Colony was a pure democracy and all 
public affairs were decided in town meetings. The 
Pilgrims were very strict in the enforcement of all 
laws. 

Difficulties of tJie Colonists. 

a — Hostile climate and barren soil. 

b — Indian troubles. 

c — Financial difficulties. 

d — Sickness and death claimed many of their nnmder. 

What They Did. 

a — Developed a system of government. 

b — Cleared the land and raised fairly good crops. 

c — Established freedom of worship and freedom of 
thought. 

d — Paid the public debt. 

e — Gained the respect of the Indians. 

f — Established within themselves a sturdy indepen- 
dence. 

Prominent People. 

John Carver — First governor. 
William Brewster — Noted preacher. 
William Bradford — Governor. 
Miles Standish — Military Leader. 

NOTE: Read Longfellow's Courtship of Miles 
Standish. 



14 OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



Second Settlement - ^lassucliusetts Bay Colony 162S-1(J30, 



Settled by Puritans under the leadership of John 
Endicott, the greatest Puritan of them all. Settle- 
ments were made at Boston, Charleston, Salem, Dor- 
chester, and Roxbury. 

Piiri>ose of Settlement. 

To secure freedom of worship during the reign of 
Charles I. As a class, these settlers were well edu- 
cated, fairly prosperous, religious and earnest. 

Government. 

Received a charter from Charles I in 1629. Colony 
under control of governor, deputy governor, and eight- 
een assistants They had power to make laws pro- 
vided they did not conflict with the laws of England. 
Had power to carry on trade. Had power to drive out 
pernicious persons and intruders. They had a General 
Court composed of representatives sent from each 
town. Only members of the Church could vote. Later, 
charter was withdrawn and the colony became a Roy- 
al Province with Andros appointed governor (1685). 
He ruled harshly and was finally overthrown by the 
colonists. 

Difficulties of the Colonists. 

a — Resistance to the King's rule. 

b — Trade difficulties. 

c — Religious difficulties — Roger Williams and Mrs. 

Anne Hutchinson. Quaker missionaries and their 

persecution. 
d — Discussion between Church and State Government 
e — Witchcraftery — Salemi witchcraft, 
f — Indian diificulties — King Philip's War. How? 

When? Why? Outcome? 

Wiiat Tliey Did. 

a — Established homes and families. 

b — Established the township system of government. 

c — Developed a growing independence. 

d — Gained political and religious liberty denied ihem 

at home. 
e — Established a public school system. Founded 

Harvard College in 1636. 
f — Became united in a common interest and in defense 

of a common foe. 

What common interest? What common foe? 



OUTLINE S IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 15 

Pi'oiiiiiient People. 

John Endicott — Founder of Salem. 

John Winthrop — First governor of Massachusetts. 

John Elliot — Translated the Bible into the Indian 

language. 
Jonathan Awards — Author and preacher. 
Name other prominent characters. 

This colony seemed to hold the reins of the future. 
What they said and what they did was destined to live 
and it was built into the very structure of the Union. 
The PLYMOUTH and the 'MASSACHUSETTS BAY 
COLONY finally became Massachusetts proper. 

NOTE: — Make a study whenever possible of 
colonial pictures: Pilgrims Going to Church. 
The Landing of the Pilgrims. 
The Departure of the i'\ ayflower. 
John Alden and Priscilla. 
Make a special report of the first Thanksgiving. 
Was slavery or indentured servants ever popular 

in Massachusetts? 
In what way did the Indians help the colonists? 
What is meant by religious tolerance? 
Why did the Pilgrims wish to leave England? 
Why did they settle in towns? 
Why did they later become a seafaring people? 

Occupations. 

Fishing, shipbuilding, farming, trade with West Indies. 



The NEW ENGLAND CONFEDERACY was composed of 
3Iassaehiisetts Bay Colony, Plymouth Colony, Connec- 
ticut, and New Haven, and was formed in 1643. Each 
colony liad two representatives. 

Purpose. 

a — -To keep the Dutch traders out of the Connecticut 

valley, 
b — To combat Indian attacks, 
c — To assist masters to recover runaway apprentices 

and slaves. 
d — For protection against the French, 
e— To promote a common interest in opposition to 

England's demands. 

Powers 

a — To raise an army in time of war. 

b — To settle disputes among themselves. 



16 OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



Results. 

a — Help to form a union of the colonies. 

NOTE: Look up carefully concerning Salen? 
Witchcraft and Persecution of the Quakers. 



RHODE ISLAND - The Colony of Lively Experimeut. 

Settlements — Providence in 1636. 

Absolute freedom of worship, and independent relig- 
ious thinking. 

Purpose of Settlement. 

Roger Williams, a refugee from Massachusetts be- 
cause of his religious views, founded Providence. Anne 
Hutchinson was the founder of Portsmouth. They es- 
tablished a colony which became a shelter for persons 
of distressed religious conscience. Everyone was wel- 
comed reg-ardless of faith or belief. Complete religious 
toleration had its origin in America in this colony. 
They were Baptists and established the first Baptist 
church in America. 

(xovernment. 

At first, as a democracy, they enjoyed many rights 
and privileges. In 1663 a royal charter was obtained 
from England which confirmed all the preceding 
phases of their government. 



PENNSYLVANIA 



Charles II of England owed the estate of William 
Per.n's father a large sum of money. To settle the 
debt, he granted William Penn a vast tract of land in 
the i\ew World which they named Pennsylvania. 

Purpose of Settlement. 

As a home for persecuted English Quakers that 
they might enjoy religious freedom. 

Settlement — Philadelphia, the "City of Brotherly 
Love," in 1633, by William Penn and a religious fac- 
tion called Quakers. 

Government. 

Proprietary. Governor appointed by Penn. As- 
sembly and council elected by the people. All taxpay- 



OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 17 



ers could vote. Education was encouraged. Efforts 
were made to reform criminals. Useful trades were 
taught all children. Their constitution was called 
"The Great Law." Government was based on the 
Golden Rule. 

Relations With Indians. 

Early in the life of the colony, William Penn made 
the great treaty of Shackamaxon with the Indians. This 
is the only treaty never sworn to and never broken 
and continued for over sixty years. 

NOTE: This colony was known as Penn's Experi- 
ment, and through the tact of the leader in his deal- 
ings with the Indians and his colonists, Pennsylvania 
proved to be a very successful colony. Later became 
known as the Keystone State. 





DELAWARE 

Purpose. 

Sweden became ambitious to get a share of the 
American continent and enjoy som.e of the trade with 
the New World. The Swedes were anxious to estab- 
lish a Swedish colony. 

Settlement. 

On the Delaware River, on the site of "Wilmington, 
in 1638. 

Goyernnieiit. 

Proprietary. The Dutch captured the Swedish forts 
and made Delaware a part of New Netherlands in 
1655. The colony came under the control of the 
Duke of York in 1664. William Penn also wanted 
this small tract in order that Pennsylvania might 
have direct access to the ocean, therefore he bought 
it from the Duke of York in 1682, although it was 
allowed to have its own assembly and deputy gover- 
nor. Later in 1704, this little strip was made a 
separate colony under the name of Delaware but for 
a long time it had the same governor as Pennsylvania. 



NEW HA3IPSHIRE 



New Hampshire consisted of a grant of land between 
the Merrimac and the Kennebec Rivers. Gorges and 



18 OUTITNE^ IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



Ma^on obtained this grant from the King of England 
in 1622. A few years later, they obtained other grants 
and together with dissatisfied settlers from Massachus- 
etts, founded Portsmouth and Dover. From these settle- 
ments l:oth Iv-aine and New Hampshire grew, and were 
afterwards united with Massachusetts, New Hampshire 
became a separate colony in 1741, but Maine was not 
separated from Massachusetts until 1820. 

Purpose of Settlement. 

To open a fishing station at Portsmouth and to 
cai'ry on our trade with the Indians. 

Settlement — Portsmouth and Dover in 1623 and on 

for some years. 

Religion and Education. 

Divided religious opinions. Some were loyal to 
the Church of England, some were Puritans, some 
were followers of Anne Hutchinson's belief. Dart- 
mouth College was founded in 1669. 

(ioYcrnment. 

At first Charter and later a Royal Province. 

Industr.v. 

Settlers engaged in raising flax and the manufac- 
ture of linen. Much fishing was done. 

NOTE: New Hampshire was the home of 
Daniel Webster. 



NEW YORK 



Dutch ships began to visit the harbors and trade with 
the Indians. In 1614 and 1615, Dutch fur traders built 
Fort Nassau on an island in the Hudson River near Al- 
bany, but this fort was abandoned the next year. In 
1623, the Dutch West India Company, a powerful cor- 
poration having control of the Dutch fur trade in Amer- 
ica, established a settlement at Fort Orange where Al- 
bany now stands, and several small forts in other places 
in New Netherlands, which was the name given by the 
Dutch to the territory extending from the Delaware 
River to the Connecticut. They also controlled the 
navigation of the two rivers. Later, Minuit, the first^ 
Dutch governor, purchased the whole of Manhatten Is- 
land for twenty-four dollars' worth of trinkets. 



OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 19 



Tuipose of Settlement. 

The Dutch wished to become established in the 
New World and secure for themselves some of the 
rich trade which other European merchants were en- 
joying. 

Settlements. 

First permanent settlement in 1623 at F(H't Orang-e. 
Xew Amsterdam, now called New York, was settled in 
1626, at the mouth of the Hudson river. 

Ooveinment. 

The Dutch West India Company appointed gover- 
nors for the colony from 1626 to 1664, at which time 
the English demanded control of the colony, claim- 
ing it by the original right of discovery. Charles 
II then gave this colony to his brother, the Duke of 
York, who changed the name to New York, and the 
government became proprietary. In 1685 when the 
Duke of York became king of England, the colo.-y 
became a Royal Province, and was put under the 
rule of Sir Edmund Andros along with the other 
New England colonies, 

Patioon System. 

The Dutch West India Company later gained poss- 
ession of all the land bordering the Hudson river 
and established what was known as the Patroon 
System. Any member who would bring over fifty 
settlers for New Netherlands was given a grant of 
land with a frontage of sixteen miles on the Hudson 
Wver. This member then became overlord ever 
this grant, and he in turn gave the settlers certain 
privileges. Each settlement was required to main- 
tain a church and a school. 

])in'-cnlties. 

The French settlers and the hostile Indians on 
the north caused the Massachusetts, Plymouth, Con- 
necticut, and New Netherlands colonies to keep a 
constant guard against their encroachments. A Con- 
gress from these colonies was called to meet in 
New York in 1690. Delegates from the colonies were 
sent and they resolved to raise an army to invade 
Canada. This was the first Colonial Congress in 
America. 

Occupations. 

The settlers of New York were economical, hardy, 
industrious farmers and traders. 



20 OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



Education. 

Free public schools were established. Columbia 
University was founded in 1754. 

NOTE: The Dutch colonists have contributed 
many amusing incidents to American literature. 
Every student of history should read and report 
incidents of the early life in New York. To 
the Dutch, we owe our Christmas visit of Santa 
Claus, the custom of lighted candles in the 
window at Christmas time, colored eggs at Eas- 
ter, etc. The Tutch colonists were very thrifty, 
and from the many stories left of their early 
life, we infer that they lived well and got real 
enjoyment out of life. Do not confuse the 
early Dutch settlers with Germans. The Dutch 
were the inhabitants of Holland or the Nether- 
lands. 



CONNECTICUT 



Purpose of Settlement and Settlements. 

Puritans from England who were dissatisfied with 
religious conditions settled NtMV Haven Colony on 
Long Island Sound in 1638 and on for some years. 

Rev. Thomas Hooker led a group of men and women 
who were dissatisfied with the management of church 
and state affairs in Massachusetts and made the 
settlements of Hartford, Windsor, and Wetlierstteld 
in 1634 and the next few years. They desired larger 
opportunities in the way of better land, greater re- 
ligious and political freedom, and a better chance to 
trade with the Indians. 

Saybrook Colony was established by John Winthrop, 
Jr., Lord Say and Lord Brook, and Massachusetts 
settlers who wished to secure the Dutch trade along 
the Connecticut River. 

Government. 

A charter giving the colonies practical independ- 
ence was granted them by Charles II. The colonists 
had a written constitution drawn up by themselves. 
This was the FIRST WRITTEN CONSTITUTION IN 
AMERICA. They could elect their own governor 
and legislature, enact their own laws, and manage 
and conduct their own courts. There were no re- 
strictions in matters of religion or suffrage. Later, 



OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 21 



when Sir Edmund Andros was put in control of the 
Nev/ England colonies by James II, he demanded 
their charter but was unsuccessful. The charter 
was hidden by one of the Assemblymen in the vener- 
ated "Charter Oak." 

Iiidinii Trr,iif)!os. 

King- Philip's War and Pequot War. 

NOTE; Study your history for cause and re- 
sult of these wais. 

Education. 

Free schools were esttiblished. Yale College was 
founded in 1701. Tradition tells that ten miiJ ters 
met and donated a few books, saying, "We give these 
books for the founding of a college in this colony." 

NOTE: Study your history for further informa- 
tion in all these topics. Note carefully how 
the Dutch were shut off and kept from settling 
in this region. 



3IARYLAM) 

Purpose of Settlement. 

Lord Baltimore obtained a charter and a grant of 
land from Charles I covering about the present site 
of Maryland. He wished to establish a refuge for 
Catholics. 

Settlements — St. 3Iarjs, Annapolis, Baltimore in 1634 

and for a number of years. 

Gorernment and Religion. 

Proprietary. Lord Baltimore was almost inde- 
pendent in his ruling. The people had many rights 
and privileges in the way of government. The TOL- 
ERATION ACT, 1649, secured to all Christians the 
right to worship God according to the dictates of 
his own conscience. Eventually the province was 
taken over by the King of England who made it a 
Royal province, and the Church of England was 
made the established form of worship. 

Clayborne's Rebellion. 

Clayborne, a Puritan, who had settled in Maryland, 
caused the people to rebel against Lord Baltimore. 



22 OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



This trouble lasted for some time, but the govern- 
ment was restored to Lord Baltimore by Cromwell. 

3Iason and Dixon Line. 

The boundary between Maryland and Pennsylvania 
was not fully defined in the"^ charters granted Lord 
Baltimore and William Penn. Some difficulty arose 
over the boundary line. In 1767, two surveyors were 
employed to make the boundary which has been known 
since as the Mason and Dixon Line. This later was 
spoken of as being the boundary between the free 
and the slave states. 

Prominent 3Ien. 

George Calvert, wno was Lord Baltimore. Cecil 
Calvert, his son, was the second Lord Baltimore. 



NEW JERSEY 



The Duke of York gave to his friends, Lord Berkley and 
Sir George Carteret, the land between the Hudson and 
the Delaware River. The province was named New Jer- 
sey because Carteret had fought bravely for Charles II 
while he was governor of Jersey, a small island in the 
English Channel. 

Settlements. 

Phillip Carteret, a relative of Sir George, founded 
Elizabethtown in 1665. Colonists from Connecticut 
founded Newark and 3Ii(l(lletown. 

Settlers. 

The settlers were a cultured and refined class of 
people who lived peacefully among themselves and 
the Indians. On the whole, the settlement was suc- 
cessful from the start. 

(roveiniiient. 

Proprietary under Berkley and Carteret, and under 
\Mlliam Penn to whom it was sold. In 1702 it became 
a royal province under the governorship of Andros. 
It was given a royal governor of its own in 1738. 

Education. 

Princeton College was founded by the people of 
New Jersev. 



OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 23 



NOTE: The spirit of independence was strong 
amons>- the people of New Jersey, and they were 
among the leaders in opposition to England's 
tyrannical rule. 



NORTH and SOUTH CAROLINA 

By a sea to sea Charter, Charles II of England granted 
the Carolinas to Lord Clarendon and a number of his 
associates in 1663. This grant composed both North 
and South Carolina and overlapped the Spanish claims 
on the South. 

Purpose of Settlement. For wealth and trade. 

Settlements. 

Emigrants from England, French Hugenots, and 
colonists from Virginia made settlements on Albe- 
marble Sonnd in North Carolina and at Charleston in 
South Carolina. 

Govern m en t. 

Proprietary. Followed by the Grand Model, a 
theoretical form of government by John Locke. This 
form of government failed and in 1720 the Carolinas 
became a royal province. In 1729 the Carolinas were 
separated, and became North and South Carolina. 

Industries. 

Turpentine, tar, pitch, and rosin were distilled 
from the pine trees, and rice and indigo were raised. 
Slavery was introduced and proved profitable to the 
colonists. 

NOTE: From out of these colonies came Dan- 
iel Boone the famous hunter and explorer, who 
pushed out and went into Kentucky and found- 
ed Boonesboro. Notice that slave labor in all of 
these southern colonies was profitable and that 
the slave traffic flourished. Why? 



GEORGIA 
Purpose of Settlement. 

As a refuge for English debtors and as a military 
outpsot against Spanish attacks on the south. 

Settlement — Savannah in 1733. 



24 OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



GoTernment. 

Early government was proprietary under James 
Oglethorp. The colony later became a Royal Pro- 
vince and remained so until the Revolutionary War. 

Religion. 

All should have religious freedom except Roman 
Catholics. John Wesley was a preacher of great pow- 
er. Eventually established the Methodist church in 
this country and then carried this religious belief to 
England. 

NOTE: Slavery was prohibited at first, but later 
it was permitted and found profitable. Quite an 
extensive trade was carried on with the Indians. 
People were of an independant nature and at the 
opening of the Revolution, the people of Georgia 
took a firm stand for American rights and citi- 
zenship. 



OULINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



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26 OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



EXPLORATION 01 THE 3IISSISSIPPI VALLEY 



NOTE: This is important and should be carefully studied 
and worked out on the map and from the text book. 

We must bear in mind that all through the years that 
the English and the Dutch were making settlements 
along the Atlantic coast that these settlements were 
what might be termed the bowstring to the great terri- 
tory which the French were developing in the central 
part of our country and extending from New Orleans at 
the mouth of the Mississippi on the south up through the 
regions of the Great Lakes and up the St. Lawrence river 
to its mouth in the northeast. At New Orleans, a strong 
French Colony had taken possession. This colony was 
probably as strong as any of the English colonies. Fur 
traders, trappers, missionaries, and military men had 
traversed this entire region and were very well in- 
trenched and fortified in its possession. They felt that 
through discovery and exploration, they had established 
a just claim. We must also remember that the charters 
granted by the English kings gave the English colonies 
possessi.OD o\ land along the Atlantic seaboard and ex- 
tending westward from "Sea to Sea," to the Pacific. It 
is not difticult to see w^hat happened when the two coun- 
tries began to make settlements in the Mississippi valley. 



The HOW, WHEN, and WHY of the Exploration and 
Settlement of the Mississippi Valley. 

HOW — By French fur traders, missionaries, and mili- 
tary men. 

WHEN — From 1673 on for one hundred years. 

WHY — Fur trade, conversion of the Indians, and to 
hold the land for France. 

WHERE — Settlements and forts at Quebec, Montreal, 
Detroit, Mackinac, all round the Great Lakes, Pitts- 
burg, Vincennes, St. Louis, New Orleans. 



OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 27 



STRUGGLE BETWEEN ENGLAND AND FRANCE FOR 
POSSESSION OF NORTH A3IERICA 



INTERCOLONLVL WARS 

KING WILLIAM'S WAR — 1689-1697. 

Settled by Treaty of Rysvvick. Each cO'Tntry to have 
same territory as before the war. 

QUEEN ANNE'S WAR 1702-17i:i 

Settled by TREATY OF UTRECHT. JOnohmd was to 
have Arcadia, Newfoundland, and Hudson Buy Country. 

KING GEORGE'S WAR 1744-1748. 

Settled by TREATY OF AIX LA CHAPELLE. Louis- 
burg given to France. 

NOTE: These three conflicts were quarrels be- 
tween the people of England and the people of 
France over European affairs and were sympa* 
thetically taken up by the colonists of these two 
.nations in America. The chief contests were 
Indian raids and skirmishes. They were named 
after the English ruler in power during the war. 
The colonies were jealous of each other and 
their governors were constantly quarreling, so it 
was hard to get the people to agree on any action 
against the common enemy. In order to correct 
this state of affairs, a convention of delegates 
from several colonists met at Albany in 1754. 

ALBANY PLAN OF UNION - 1754. 

Benjamin Franklin proposed that each colony should 
elect representatives for a Congress at Philadelphia. 
This council was to manage the affairs affecting all the 
colonies. The plan was rejected by the colonists as 
not being democratic enough and King George II was 
unfriendly toward it regarding it as too democratic a 
form of government for colonists. 

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR — 1754-1763. 
(Seven Year's War) 
NOTE: Not continuous fighting all this time 
but a series of frontier and Indian engagements 
harassed the people more or less from the begin- 
ning of hostilities until the treaty of peace in 
1763. 



28 OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



Cane \ 

1 — England opposed France in her efforts to check 
the power of Frederick the Great. 

2 -Overlapping land claims. The French were build- 
iiig forts on land claimed by the English. The 
forts held the key to the interior of the country for 
they were located on the rivers, and the rivers were 
the natural highways. 

3 — Disputes regarding fisheries and fur trade. 

4 —The English felt that the French incited the In- 
dians to make attacks on their colonies. 

ImiJortant Events. 

1 — ^Va^liingrton's Expedition. 

Governor Dinwiddle of Virginia sent word to warn 
French commanders along the western frontier not 
to advance farther east. Unsuccessful. 

2— Braddocli's Defeat. 

Fort du Quesne guarded the Ohio river. Braddock 
made an unsuccessful expedition against it. 

3 — ^Deportation ot* the Aoadians. 

A' cadi a controlled the Newfondland fisheries. The 
French inhabitants of this region were compelled 
to take an oath of allegiance to King George II or 
be expelled. Many thousands were deported and 
scattered among the colonies. 

Note: Read Longfellow's Evangeline. 

4 — ihittle ot* Crown Point and Tieonderoga. 

These forts controlled the northern route to Can- 
ada. They were captured by the English. 

5— Battle of Quebec. 

English led by General Wolf; French by Montcalm. 
City was captured by Wolf, but both generals were 
mortally wounded. 

Treaty of Peace. 

Settled by Treaty of Paris, 1763. England gained the 
undisputed control of all land between the Atlantic 
and the Mississippi, and between Hudson Bay and the 
Gulf of Mexico except New Orleans and two small is- 
lands off the coast of Newfoundland. 

Effects. 

1 — Enaland established her claim to the western con- 
tinent. This war determined that English manners 
and customs and not French should predominate in 
North America. 



OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 29 



2 — Trained the colonists in self reliance, larger in- 
dependence, and established confidence in them- 
selves. 

3 — Colonists were taught the necessity of union. 

4 — Military training received by colonists of much 
value in Revolutionary War. 

PONTIAC'S CONSPIRACY. 

After the defeat of the F >nch in the French and 
Indian War, the Indians foind themselves without pro- 
tection. Pontiac tried to unite his people in an attack 
against the English. The trouble lasted two years and 
was simply a time of massacre and bloodshed in Penn- 
sylvania and the west. Pontiac was defeated and after- 
wards murdered by one of his own tribe. 

Iinixd'tant Dates — 1607, 1608, 1609, 1614, 1620, 
1664, 1689, 1754, 1763. 



THE (iEOWTH OF DISSATISFACTION 
Causes of the Revolution 

The close of the French and Indian War marked a new 
epoch in American history. Until that time, the colon- 
ists had had much liberty in the management of their 
own affairs. Many laws restricting their trade had been 
passed by Parliament but had not been enforced. After 
1763, England was at peace at home and had no i ivals 
in either Spain or France for world supremacy. However, 
she was heavy in debt and had to have money. Farliament 
adopted new plans of colonial taxation. Laws regulating 
colonial trade must be enforced. Soldiers must be sta- 
tioned to guard the new territories recently won. Parlia- 
ment made the mistake of treating the American colon- 
ists as subjects rather than Englishmen with rights equal 
to their own. This arbitrary conduct, together with King 
George Ill's harsh methods of enforcing these taxes, a- 
roused the independence of the colonists and brought oi 
the Revolution. 

Causes 

England's Colonial Policy vs. the Colonists' Love of 
freedom and Justice. 

1— Eng^land's Colouial Policy — The belief that the 
main use of colonies was to increase the riches of 
the mother country, the strengthening of the 
British empire and enlarging of British trade 
throughout the world. 



30 OUTLINES IN UNIED STATES HISTORY 



A — England Begins to Control Colonial Trade by 
Enforcing: 

a. Narig-atioii Laws. Colonists could carry on 
commerce with no country except England. 
No imports could come in unless they had been 
first shipped to London. All commerce must 
be carried on in English ships only. 

b. Acts Forbiddiiig^ 3Iainifacturo. All manufact- 
uring was forbidden and all raw material must 
be shipped to England. 

c. Writs of Assistance. A general search war- 
rant that enabled an officer to seize a vessel or 
cargo or enter a warehouse or home to search 
for smuggled goods. Opposed by James Otis 
in an eloquent speech called the "Opening Gun 
of the Revolution." 

B — New Laws Passed by Parliament Arouse Colon- 
ists. 

a. Stamp Act. A law made by Parliament w'hich 
provided that government stamps should be 
placed on all legal documents, newspapers, etc. 
This was to pay part of the expense of keeping 
an army in America to guard the western front- 
ier from Indian attacks. Opposed by William 
Pitt of England, Patrick Henry and all the 
colonists. Repealed in 1766 after the colonists 
had refused to buy or use British made goods 
or to trade with British merchants. 

What was the Stamp Act Coiigrress! 

b. Townsheiul Acts, 1767. An act which laid tax- 
es on glass, paper, paints, and tea when brought 
into American ports. This act, together with 
the old Sugar Act which placed a tax on sug'ar, 
molasses, coffee, wine, etc. placed a tax on al- 
most everything the colonists used. A boycott 
against buying or using British made goods 
was £o effective that the Townshend Act was 
repealed in 1770 except a small one on tea 
which was kept on principally to show the col- 
onists that Parliament still claimed the right 
to tax them without thei^' consent. 

c. Oostoii 3Iassai'rc. 1770. King George sent 
troops to America to enforce the revenue laws. 
In a ciuarrel between some soldiers and some 
colonists, the soldiers fired, killing and wound- 
ing several. Indignation was so great that the 
troops were removed. 



OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 31 



d. Boston Tea Party, 1773. Colonists refused to 
buy tea with a tax on it. In Boston three 
shiploads of tea were thrown overboard by a 
band of men dressed as Indians. 

e. "J^'ive Intolerable Acts," Laws passed by Par- 
liament in 1774 in order to punish the colon- 
ists, and especially the people of Massachusetts 
for their insubordinate ways. 

1. Boston Port Bill. An act closing the port of 
Boston until the destroyed tea should be paid 
for. 

2. The Reg-iilating- Act provided that town 
meetings in Massachusetts be abolished and 
that judges, sheriffs, and other officers should 
be appointed and paid by the governor and 
nto by the assembly. 

3. Persons accused of murder or other capital 
crime should be taken to England for trial. 

4. Qnartering- Act. This obliged the people of 
Massachusetts to take the King's troops into 
their homes and board them free. 

5. Qnebec Act. Settlers were forbidden to 
settle in the vast tract of land west of the 
Alleghanies and north fo the Ohio River. 

f. Taxation Without Representation. Violation 
of the charter granted the London and Ply- 
mouth Companies. 

NOTE: King George sent to Massachusetts a military 
governor. General Thomas Gage, who had instructions 
to use force in enforcing the "Intolerable Acts" and 
to send all rebellious persons to England for trial. 
All the colonies were indignant over the treatment 
accorded I\iassachusetts, and especially Boston. Bos- 
ton was instructed through the committees of corres- 
pondence to stand firm to the last. The Virginian 
Assembly, among whom were Washington, Patrick 
Henry, and Thomas Jefferson, suggested that there be 
a general Congress called. Massachusetts was invit- 
ed to name the date and the place. 



32 OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS 

Philadelphia, September 5, 1774 

Composed of delegates from every colony except 
Georgia. Assembled at the call of the Massachusetts 
Legislature. 

WORK OF CONGRESS 

a. Prepared a declaration of rights of the colonists 
and a statement of their grievances. 

b. Agreed that all trade with Great Britain should 
be suspended. It was provided that committees 
chosen by voters in every town, city and county 
should enforce the boycott. Many merchants 
were tarred and feathered for selling English 
goods in violation of the agreement. 

COMMITTEES OF CORRESPONDENCE. 

Committees were formed in every town, city, and 
county in the colonies whose work was to corres- 
pond with one another and keep alive the spirit of 
revolution. They served as valuable aids in up- 
holding the governmeut. 

NOTE: Did all Americans agree with the leaders 
who resisted the acts of Parliament? What 
names were given those leaders who sided with 
Great Britain? To those who supported the re- 
sistance of the colonies? 

TO THE TEACHER: It u^ advisable to call the 
attention of the class to the distinguished men in 
England who were firm friends of America, 
William Pitt and Edmund Burke. Study the lives 
of the following American patriots who were 
prominent leaders in the colonies during the years 
just preceding the Revolution: Benjamin Frank- 
lin, Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, James Otis. 

Locate Faneuil Hall. Is it still standing? For 
what is it used? 



OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 33 

III. PERIOD OF REVOLUTION — 1775 - 1781. 
PHASES OF THE WAR 
TIio KevoIuMoiiar.v War may be {IIvhUmI into 

1 THE NORTHERN CAMPAIGNS. 

2 THE MIDDLE STATES CAMPAIGNS. 
3— THE SOUTHERN CAMPAIGNS. 

NOTE: It must be kept in mind that fighting was 
going on frequently in various parts of the country 
at the same time. 



THE NORTHERN ( A3IPAI0NS 
War Activities around Boston. 

1— LEXINGTON and CONCORD. 
Cause 

The coloiiisto organized themselves into companies of 
"minutemen" and drilled regularly. Military supplies 
were collected. British Commander Gage sent eight 
hundred men to capture the military stores at Con- 
cord and take Hancock and Adams at Lexington. 
Result 

Skirmish at Lexington. British lost three hundred 
men. British plan was failure. Colonists encourag- 
ed. 

NOTE: Read Paul Revere's Ride and Emerson's Con- 
cord Hymn. Explain the meaning of "fired the shot 
heard round the world." . 

2— CROWN POINT and TICONDEROGA 

Locate these places. Why important? Captured by 
Ethan Allen and Green Mountain Boys. 

3— SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS 
Philadelphia, May 10, 1775. 
a — John Hancock elected president, 
b — Voted to raise an army of twenty thousand men. 
c — George Washington chosen commander-in-chief. 
Took charge of the army at Cambridge, July 3, 1775. 

4— BUNKER HILL. 
Cause 

British planned to hold Boston by fortifying Bunker 
. . Hill. Americans fortified Breed's Hill which com- 
manded Boston. 
Battle. 

After being twice repulsed, British take Breed's Hill, 



34 OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



owing' to lack of ammunition. American General 
Warren killed. 

Result 

Even though defeated, the Americans were encour- 
aged. 

5— EVACUATION OF BOSTON. 

Early in 1776, Washington quietly slipped around and 
fortified Dorchester Heights south of Boston. General 
Howe,who now commanded the British, being complete- 
ly cut off on the land side, withdrew to Halifax. Lo- 
cate Halifax. When Washington marched into Boston, 
he found quanities of ammunition which had been for- 
gotten by the enemy. 

6— QUEBEC EXPEDITION. 

Thinking that the French in Canada would be glad 
to join the colonists in their struggle for freedom from 
British rule, two American armies, one under Benedict 
Arnold, the other under Montgomery, attacked the 
British garrison at Quebec and were defeated with a 
heavy loss. This blasted all hope of inciting a revo- 
Jution in Canada. 

NOTE: During the begining of the war, the 
colonists were fighting for their rights; later for 
their freedom. 

7— DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE — July 4, 1776. 

a. Continental Congress voted that "these united col- 
onies are, and of right ought to be free and inde- 
pendent states," July 2, 1776. 

b. Drawn up by Thomas Jefferson of Virginia. 

c. Signed by John Hancock and all other members of 
the Congress, July 4, 1776. 

NOTE: Where is Independence Hall? Describe 
the Liberty Bell. 



MIDDLE STATES CAMPAIGNS 

Attempt to separate colonies by g^ainingr 

control of the Hudson. 

When Howe evacuated Boston, British operations were 
transferred to the Middle States where the people were 
supposed to be more friendly to the king. There were 



OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 35 



more good harbors and rivers in which to land troops 
and supplies. As soon as reenforcements came, Howe 
began to land troops at New York. Washington and 
his army were already there holding Brooklyn Heights 
and Forts Washington and Lee north of New York. 

1— BATTLES OF LONG ISLAND AND WHITE PLAINS 

1776. 
Howe cut the American army into two parts and cap- 
tured one section of it, Washington, through a bit of 
strategy, retired with the other part to New York. Be- 
ing hard pressed, he retreated northward to White Plains 
where he was again defeated by the British. 

NOTE: Study the waiting policy used by Washington 

when odds against him were very great. This is 

called the "Fabian Policy." Why? 

Tell the story of Nathan Hale. 

Take note here of the despondency in the hearts of 

the Americans just at this time, and the pluck and 

perseverance Washington had. 

2— WASHINGTON'S RETREAT ACROSS NEW JERSEY. 
Purpose 

Having captured New York, Howe next planned to 
take Philadelphia. Washington decided he must pro- 
tect that city. On December 13, however, General 
Howe ordered his men into winter qua ters among the 
New Jersey towns. 

Principal Events: 

a. BATTLE OF TRENTON, December 25, 1776. 
Having crossed the Delaware, Washington encamp- 
ed across from Trenton. On Christmas night he 
crossed the river, surprised the British stationed 
there and captured one thousand prisoners. 

NOTE: Who were the Hessians? Why were they 
helping the British army? 

b. BATTLE OF PRINCETON. 

Cornwallis was oidered to unite the different bod- 
ies of the British troops and capture Washington. 
Outwitting the British general, Washington again 
won a victory at Princeton. 

NOTE: Take note of the great influence these 
two small victories had in arousing the spirits of 
the colonists. Every one now trusted to the skill 
and courage of Washington. 



36 OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



Kesults: 

Americans held Philadelphia and had gained control 
of New Jersey. The American army withdrew into 
winter quarters at Morristown. (1776-1777) 

AIDS TO CAUSE OF AMERICANS. 

A— ROBERT :\iORRIS, during the winter of 1777, raised 
$50,000 to pay the soldiers. Much of this was from his 
own private fortune. This money, together with that 
which Washington loaned the government, kept the 
army together and encouraged the men to re-enlist. 
To Robert Morris should be given the credit of manag- 
ing the financial affairs of the Revolution. 

B— DISTINGUISHED VOLUNTEERS FROM EUROPE. 

a. Lafayette — French nobleman who clothed and eq- 

quipped the men in his charge. 

b. Baron Steuben and Baron DeKalh - Germans. 

c. Counts Pulaski and Kosciusko - Poles. 

3— THE ENGLISH CAMPAIGN OF 1777: 
Purpose 

To capture Boston and Philadelphia and to cut New 
England off from the rest of the colonies. 
General Howe planned to capture Boston and Phil- 
adelphia during the sum^mer of 1777, but he needed 
troops to do this, and England agreed to furnish him 
some of the soldiers who had been sent to Canada 
after the Americans had attacked Quebec. 

A— BURGOYNE'S EXPEDITION. 

1. British Plan — To separate colonies by taking New 
York state. 

a. Burgoyne to come from Canada by way of Lake 
Champlain, Hudson and Mohawk valleys. 

b. Howe was to send a detachment to meet Bur- 
goyne at Albany. St, Leger was to march froni 
Oswego and meet him at Albany also. 

2. Principal Events and Failure of Plan. 

a. Capture of Ticonderoga by British. 

b. Battle of Bennington. Colonel Stark captured 
:•; the British soldiers sent to take supplies stored 
'■ there. 

c. British progress greatly hindered by General 
Schuvler who eommanded the colonial forces of 



OUTL INES IN UNITED STATES H ISTORY 37 

New York. How was this accomplished? 

d. Failure of Howe to send troops northward. 

e. Defeat of St. Leger at Fort Schuyler in New 
York state. 

f. BATTLE OF SARATOGA — SURRENDER OF 
BURGOYNE. October 17, 1777. 

RESULTS OF BATTLE OF SARATOGA. 

1. Decisive battle of the war. 

2. Encouraged the Americans. 

3. France comes to aid of America. (See The 
Alliance with France.) 

NOTE: The historian Creasy calls the Battle of 
Saratoga one of the fifteen decisive battles of 
the world. Why? What other decisive battle 
had been fought in America nearly twenty years 
before? 

B— CAPTURE OF PHILADELPHIA — September 26, 
1777. 

General Howe landed 17,000 men from ships at 
the head of Chesapeake Bay and marched overland to 
Philadelphia. Washington endeavored hard to defend 
the city but was defeated at the BATTLES OF 
BRANDYWINE and GERMANTOWN. The season 
being late, he withdrew into winter quarters at 
Valley Forge. 

NOTE: Study the indomitable courage, patriot- 
ism, and self sacrifice of Washington and his men 
at this time. What was the "Conway Cabal?" 

C— RESULTS OF THE CAMPAIGN OF 1777. 
1 — The British lost an army and gained a city. 
2 — American colonists recognized by Europe as a 
nation. 

a.— THE ALLL\INCE WITH FRANCE — 1778 

As early as 1778, the colonists had sent three 
commissioners, headed by Benjamin Franklin, to 
France to enlist their aid for the Americans. 
France hesitated to do anything until Burgoyne's 
surrender gave some promise of ultimate victory 
to the colonists. In 1778, France signed a treaty 
whereby she recognized the colonies as an in- 
dependent nation and agreed to lend her troops 
and money. 



38 OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



ENGLAND OFFERS PEACE. 

When the British heard of the alliance between 
France and the colonies, she at once declared war 
against France and offered to make peace with the 
colonies, saying they might send representatives to 
Parliament and repealed all tax laws that had so 
offended the Americans. But it was too late. We 
wanted our freedom, the Continental Congress re- 
jected the offer, and war continued. 

-EVACUATION OF PHILADELPHIA. 

Fearing that France would send a fleet to bombard 
the British in Philadelphia, Clinton and his soldiers 
evacuated Philadelphia in 1778 and left for New York. 

BATTLE OF MONMOUTH. 

Washington followed the British army and attack- 
ed them at Monmouth. Owing to the non-support of 
General Charles Lee, the battle was indecisive. The 
British reached New York with much loss. 

TREASON OF ARNOLD. 

Who was Benedict Arnold? How did he betray 
his trust? How was he punished? 







EXPEDITION OF GEORGE ROGERS CLARK— 1778 

Purpose — To gain the Great Northwest for the 
colonies and to prevent the British making raids 
on American colonies and inciting the Indians to 
attack. 

Events — Capture of Kalkaskia. 
Capture of Vincennes. 

Result — When the treaty of peace was signed, the 
Northwest territory became the property of the 
United States. This region was nearly as large 
as the original thirteen colonies. 

War at Sea. 

Private ship owners fitted out vessels and preyed 
on British commerce. John Paul Jones sailed 
along the English coast destroying shipping where- 
ever he could find it. His Bon Homme Richard 
captured the British Seraphis. 

Capture oi Stony Point — 1779. 

Stony Point was a British fort commanding Con- 
' necticut. It was captured by Anthony Wayne. 



OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 39 



THE SOUTHERN CAMPAIGN 
Attempt to separate colonies from the South. 

1— ATTEMPT TO CUT OFF SOUTHERN CONONIES. 
1 — Georgia and South Carolina. 

A— British Viictories. 

a. — Savannah — 1778 Taken by General Clinton, 
b.— Charleston - 1780- Taken by General Clinton. 
c. — Battle of Camden — Won by Cornwallis. 

NOTE: General Gates was succeeded by General 
Greene, considered ty many historians as being 
next to Washing-ton in military ability. 

2 — North Carolina. 

A — American Victories. 

a. King's Mountain. 

Result — Cornwallis retired to South Carolina. 

b. Cowpens — General Morgan under direction of 
Greene captured greater part of British army 
under Tarleton. 

c. Marion, Sumter, and Lee, with small squads of 
men caused much annoyance to the British army. 

B— British Victories. 

a. Guilford Court House — Cornwallis defeated 
General Greene, but lost so many men that he 
was badly crippled. However, he continued his 
march into Virginia to attack the Americans 
under Lafayette. Entrenched his army at York- 
town. 

NOTE: Make use of maps constantly in the 
study of this campaign. Trace the course of 
Cornwallis. 

2— SIEGE OF YORKTOW^N AND SURRENDER OF 
CORNWALLIS. 

Events — Washington with the American army, Lafay- 
ette and Rochambeau with the French army cut off 
Cornwallis on the land side, and DcGrasse with a 
French fleet guarded the town on the water front. 

Besults — After a three weeks' siege, Cornwallis sur- 
rendered, October 19, 1781. This was the closing 
event of the war. 



40 OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



TREATY OF PEACE— SIGNED AT PARIS, 1783. 

1 — Petice Cojumissioiiers. 

Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, John Jay, Thomas 
Jefferson, and Henry Laurens. 

2 — Terms. 

a — Thirteen colonies became the United States of 

America, 
b — The new nation extended from the Atlantic to the 

Mississippi and from the Great Lakes to Florida. 

Spain received Florida. Why? 



THE KEY TO THE REVOLUTION. 

L — Lexington — 1775. 

I — Independence — 1776. 

B — Burgoyne's Surrender — 1777, 

E — Evacuation of Philadelphia — 1778, 

R — Bon Homme Richard — 1779, 

T — Treason of Arnold — 1780 

1' — Yorktown — 1781, 



QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES. 

1. Write an account of the help given the United 
States by France during the Revolutionary War. 

2. Where did the war do great damage? 

3. What new industries were started during the Rev- 
olution? 

4. What enemies did England make in the course of 
the Revolution? 

5. What did Spain and France gain from their war 
with England? 

6. What states now form the region won by George 
Rogers Clark? 

7. Give two reasons why the Revolution may be called 
a "Civil War." 

8. Describe the western migration of Revolutionary 
times. 

9. Give an account of Daniel Boone. 

10. Who was James Robertson? 

11. What events are associated with the following: — 
Old North Church, Faneuil Hall, Old South Church 
Independence Hall, Yorktown, Cambridge, Con- 
cord Bridge, Washington Elm, Lexington, Mount 
Vernon? 



OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 41 



12. Give a short history of the American flag. Who was 
Betsy Ross? 

13. Name two Americans who by speeches and letters 
greatly influenced the colonists to resist the British 
government. 

14. Name two Americans, not generals or soldiers who 
aided the American cause. 

15. What great English statesman was a firm friend of 
America? 

16. What is the feeling between England and the United 
States to-day? 



DATES TO BE REME3IBERED. 



1775 — Beginning of Revolutionary War. 

1776 — July 4, Declaration of Independence. 

1777 — Battle of Saratoga — Surrender of Burgoyne. 
Why a decisive battle? 

1778 — French Alliance. 

1781 — Surrender of Cornwallis. 
1783 — Treaty of Peace. 



42 OUTLT^ ES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 

IV. ( RITU AL PERIOD OR F0R3IATI0N OF THE UNION 
(1781-1789) 



From 1781, the close of the Revolutionary War, until 
1789, when Washington was elected president and the 
Constitution adopted, was known as the Critical Period in 
American History. Instead of being a united nation, 
there were thirteen separate states trying to control na- 
tional affairs. 



Government Duringr the Revolution and Critical Period. 

1. Continental Cong^ress, the riilingr body. 

2. Articles of Confederation. 

A. Drawn in 1776. Approved by Continental Con- 
gress in 1777. Ratified in 1781. 

B. Defects. 

a. Provided for but one department, the legisla- 
tive or law-making body. This house represented 
the states and not the people. 

b. No executive department, therefore no power 
to enforce law. 

c. No judicial department, therefore no final in- 
terpretation of the law. 

d. They could recommend but not enforce. 

Difficulties of the New Nation Durin^r the Critical Period. 

1. Rivalries among the different states. 

2. Congress had no power to resist the restrictions 
laid on our commerce by England. 

3. Nation in great need of money. Each state issued 
paper money with nothing back of it but promises, 
making it of little value. 

4. Great business depression. 

Ordinance of 1787 — The most important Bill passed 
by the Confederation. 

In 1787, an ordinance for the government of the 
Northwest Territory w^as adopted. What is meant by 
the Western Land Claims? Of what did the Northwest 
Territory consist? 



OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 43 



rrovisions of Orclinaiice of 1787. 

a. Religious freedom for the territory. 

b. It declared that schools and means of education 

should be encouraged and maintained. 

c. It declared that slavery should forever be pro- 

hibited in the territory. 

d. It declared that the territory should be divided 

into not less than three nor more than five 
states. 

NOTE: What states were formed from this 
territory? 



COiXSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION 

Philadelphia, 3Ia.v 25, 1787 

1. PURPOSE. To revise Articles of Confederation to 
meet the needs ofthe times. 

2. CO'' POSED of delegates from all the states except 
Rhode Island. 

NOTE: Name some of the delegates. Who was 
President of the Convention? Why did Rhode Is- 
land not send delegates? 

3. RESULT. The formation of the United States Con- 
stitution. 

4. RATIFICATION. Must be ratified by nine states. 
This number had ratified it in 1789. 

5. PREAMBLE. Learn the Preamble. This sets forth 
the reasons for the adoption of the Constitution. The 
Constitution is sometimes called the 'New Roof." 

6. COMPROMISES. There were many discussions be- 
fore the Constitution could be made to please all the 
states. There were three important compromises to 
meet these disputes. 

a. Coniiecticiit Compromise — between the large and 
small states. Each state to have two representa- 
tives in the Senate (small). Each state to be re- 
presented in the House according to its population 
(large). 

I). Three — Fifths Compromise — between the north 
and the south. Five ^groes were to be counted as 
three whites in representation (South). Majority 
vote in Congress instead of two thirds to decide the 
questioi-S of commerce (North). 



44 OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



c. Between Nortlieni Coinmercial Interests and Slave 
Trade Interests. Importation of Slaves prohibited 
after 1808. Congress to regulate commerce. 

TO TEACHER: Bring out the advantage of 
written laws. 

QUESTIONS: Why are changes in constitutions 
sometimes necessary? 

How may the Constitution of the United States 
be amended? 

Why were the first ten amendments added? 
How many amendments now? 
What are the last two? 



THE NATIONAL GOYERN^IENT UNDER THE 
CONSTITUTION 

DEPART^IENTS OF 00yERN3IENT. 

1. Legislative — Law-making body. 
Senate and House of Representatives. 

2. Executive — Law-enforcing body. 
President, Vice-President and Cabinet. 

3. Judicial — Law-explaining body. 
Supreme Court and inferior Courts. 

1. LECilSLATIVE — CONGRESS. 

Representatives ar.d Senatoi's are nominated at the 
Primaries and elected at the November election. Term 
of office is two years for Repre?entatives and six for 
Senators. The term of each begins March 4th follow- 
ing their election. 

a. Number: 

Representatives, in the lower house of Congress, are 
apportioned according to the population, one repre- 
sentative for every 213,025 inhabitants, total number 
435. 
Senators, two from each State. 

b. Qualifications: 

Representatives — Twenty-five years of age; citizen 
of the United States seven years, resident of the 
district from which elected. 

Senator ^ Thirty years of age, citizen of the United 
States nine years, resident of the State from which 
elected. 



OUTLINES IN UNIED STATES HISTORY 45 



c. Salary: 

Senator $7,500.00 

Kepresentative $7,500.00 

d. Sessions: 

A Congress covers two regular sessions. The LONG 
Session begins on the first Monday in December in 
the odd years and ends upon adjournment of the ses- 
sion. The SHORT Session begin the first Monday in 
December of the even years and ends March 3rd at 
midnight unless sooner adjourned. 

e. Vacancies. 

Governor appoints until the next General Election. 
L Presidingr Oft'icer: 

House of Representatives — Speaker of the House, 

elected by members. 
Senate — Vice-President of the United States. 
g^. Duties of Senate: 

a. Elects its own officers except the presiding 
officer. ^ 

b. Tries impeachment. 

c. Votes on all bills. 

d. Elects vice-president if regular election fails 

e. Advises with the President in regard to treaties. 
t. Confirms the appointment of officers made by the 

president. 

h. Duties of House of Representatives. 

a. Elects its own officers. 

b. Has power of impeachment. 

c. Votes on all bills. 

d. All bills for raising revenue must originate in 

the House. 

e. Elects president if regular election fails. 

i. Adjournment: 

Neither house can adjourn for more than three days 
without the consent of the other. 

j. Congrressional Record: 

A daily journal reciting the doings in Congress. 

k. A Cong^ressional District: 

A number of contiguous counties or wards of a city 
containing sufficient population to entitle them to 
a Representative in Congress. 
Vv'ho is your Congressman? 



46 OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



In what Congressional District do you live? 
Name the two Senators from your State, 

I. A Quorum: 

A majority of each house. 

ra. Powers of Congrress: 

a--To lay and collect taxes, duties, and excises. 

b — To borrow money on the credit of the United 
States. 

c — To pay the debts of the United States. 

d — To provide for the common defense and promote 
the general welfare of the United States. 

e — To regulate commerce with the foreign coun- 
tries and among the Indian tribes. 

f — To coin money and regulate the value thereof. 

g — To fix a standard of weights and measures. 

h — To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting. 

i — To establish post offices and post roads. 

j — To grant patents and copyrights. 

k — To declare war, grant letters of marque and re- 
prisal, and raise and support an army. 

1 — To provide and maintain a navy. 

m — To admit new states and make laws necessary 
for the government of the territory belonging 
to the United States. 

n — To establish rules of naturalization. 

II. Powers Prohibited Congrress: 

a — Can pass no ex-post facto law or bill of attain- 
der. 

b — Grant no titl-e of nobility. 

c — Draw no money from United States Treasury 
except as provided by law. 

d — Can make no law in respect to an established 
religion. 

e — Can give no state preference over another in 
regard to exports and imports. 

f — Can pass no law not provided for in the Con- 
stitution of the United States. 

o. Powers Prohibited States: 

Powers belonging to Congress, or the United States 
as a whole, cannot be exercised by the individual 
states. States cannot coin money, declare war, 
grant titles of nobility, nor lay tax or duty on 
exported articles. 

1). (General Machinery tor Makiug^ a Bill a Law. 

1. A bill, except revenue bills, may originate in 



OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 47 



either house. Referred to a committee. It may 
be killed by the Committee. If they make a fa- 
vorable report, it is debated. After debate, vote 
is taken. If passed, sent to the other house. If 
passed by the second house, it is sent to the Pres- 
ident. If President signs it, it becomes a law. 

2. Bill passes both houses as before and is sent to 
the President. If the President vetoes it, he re- 
turns it to the House in which it originated with 
his objections. If again passed by both houses 
by a two-thirds vote, it becomes a law. 

3. A bill remaining in the President's possession 
ten days while Congress is in session becomes a 
law without his signature. 

NOTE: A bill, before it becomes a law, must 
be read three times, the first two readings are 
by title only, the third time in full. 

q. Veto: 

The refusal of the President to sign a bill. 

r. Pocket Veto: 

The President holds the bill until adjournment. 



2. EXECUTIVE — PRESIDENT, VICE-PRESIDENT and 
CABINET OFFICERS. 

PRESIDENT: 

Qualifications: Thirty-five years old. A natural 
born citizen of the United States, and a resident of 
the United States fourteen years. 
Term: Four years. 

Salar.v: Seventy-five thousand dollars a year; ad- 
ditional expenses twenty-five thousand dollars. 
Duties: 

a — Chief executive officer of the United States. 
b — Commander-in-chief of the army and navy of 

the United States. 
c — Granit pardons and reprieves for crimes against 

the United States. 
d — Has power to make peace, by and with the 

consent of the Senate. 
e — Has power to make treaties, by and with the 
consent of two-thirds of the Senators present, 
f — To approve and veto bills passed by Congress. 
g — Give message to Congress each year, 
h — To receive ambassadors, ministers, and consuls 
fcom foreign countries. 



48 OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



VICE PRESIDENT: 

(Qualifications: Same as President. 

Term: Four years. 

Salary: Twelve thousand dollars. 

Duties: 

a. Preside over the Senate. 

b. Fill the office of President in case of vacancy. 

PRESIDENT'S CABINET— Heads of Executive Depart- 
ments. 

1 — Secretary of State — Has charge of foreign affairs. 
2 — Secretary of Treasury — Has charge of finance and 

Federal Banks. 
3 — Secretary of War — Military affairs, standing army. 
4 — Secretary of the Aavy — Naval affairs, and naval 

stations, battle fleet. 
5 — Postmaster General — Has charge of post offices 

and post roads. 
6 — Secretary of the Interior— Has charge of Indian 

affairs, pensions, railroads, education, patents. 
7 — Attorney General — Legal Advisor. 
8 — Secretary of Agrriculture — Agricultural affairs, 

weather bureaus. 
9 — Secretary of Commerce — Shipping, light houses, 

census. 
10 — Secretary of Labor — Labor conditions and im- 
migration. 
Salary of Cabinet Officers^ — Twelve thousand dollars 

per year. 

NOTE: The President appoints his own cabinet 
members, to be approved by the Senate. 

Nomination of President and Vice President, 

a. Nominated at a National Convention. 

b. National Committee fixes time and place. 

c. Delegates from various states assemble and nom- 
inate. 

Election of President and Vfce President. 

a. At the November election, voters elect as many 
presidential electors as the state has senators and 
representatives in Congress. This is called the 
ELECTORAL COLLEGE. 

b. Electors meet at state capitol on second Monday 
of January following election, and vote by ballot 
for President and Vice President. Three lists of 
this vote are made — one is sent to the President 



OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 49 



of the Senate by mail, one is sent by special mes- 
senger, and one is deposited with the United States 
Judicial District in which they meet. 

c. On the second Wednesday of February, the Houses 
of Congress meet in joint session and count the 
electoral vote. The candidate having the most 
votes cast for President is declared elected, and 
the candidate having the most votes for Vice Pres- 
ident is declared elected. 

d. A presidential election is held every four years 
in November. The people vote directly for the 
electors, and the electors vote for President and 
Vice President. The Presidential term of office 
begins March 4. 

JIDK IVI, IJEPARTMENT — SIPRE^IE COURT and 
INFERIOR COURTS. 

The Judicial power of the United States shall be 
vested in one Supreme Court and such inferior 
courts as Congress may ordain and establish. 

1 — United States Supreme Court: 

a — Members — One Chief Justice and eight associate 
justices. 

b — Justices appointed by President and confirmed 
by the Senate. 

c — Hold office for life or during good behavior. 
May retire at seventy years of age on full pay, 
after having served ten years. 

d — Chief Justice administers oath of office to Pres- 
ident when he is inaugurated. 

e — Has original jurisdiction in cases affecting am- 
bassadors and consuls and those in which a 
state is a party. 

f — Sessions are held in Washington, D. C. from 
October to July. 

2 — United States Court of Appeals: 

a — Nine Circuit Courts of Appeal in the United 
States. 

b — Judges appointed by the President and confirm- 
ed by the Senate. 

c — Duties — To relieve Supreme Court, and hear 
cases appealed from District Courts. 

3— United States District C<<urts: 

a — More than one hundred District Courts in the 
United States. Each state has one or more of 
these courts. 



50 OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



b^ — Judges appointed by President, confirmed by 

the Senate, 
c — This court tries patent and copyright cases, 
counterfeiting cases, cases involving United 
States mail, etc. 
4 — United States Court of Claims: 
a — Number — One. 

b — One Chief Justice and four associate justices. 
c — Tries cases against the United States. 
There are other United States courts but the above 
covers the principal ones for our purpose. Study out- 
side references. 

o 

A3IEND3IENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION 

Article V of the Constitution provides for Amendments. 
There have been nineteen amendments. 

1. The Constitution may be amended whenever two- 
thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, or 
whenever the Legislatures of two-thirds of the States 
shall call a convention for proposing amendments. 

2. Amendments become a part or the Constitution 
when ratified by the Legislature of three-fourth of 
the States. 

3. BILL OF RIGHTS, Amendments I —X, so called 

because they state the rights of the people, 
a — Freedom of religion, speech and press, 
b — A well regulated militia, 
c — Soldiers shall not be quartered in private homes 

in times of peace, 
d — Right of life, liberty and property, 
e — Right to trial by jury, 
f — Defense by counsel. 

g — Trial in district where crime is committed, 
h — Not to be tried twice for the same offense, 
i — Exempt from cruel and unjust punishments. Ex- 
cessive bails shall not be imposed. 

4. Other Amendiiieiits: 

XI — Limits the power of Federal Courts. 

XII — Describes the manner of election of President 
and Vice President. 

XIII — Abolishes Slavery. 

XV - — Admits the iiegro to suffrage. 

XVL -Provides for a tax on incomes. 

XVII — Provides for the election of United States 
Senators by direct vote. 
XVIII — Prohibits the manufacture and sale of intox- 
icating liquors. 

XIX —Gives the right of suffrage to women. 



OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 51 



GROWTH OF POLITICAL PARTIES 

o — — 

When Washington was elected in 1789, there were no 
political parties, but before the close of his first term 
there was a vast amount of discontent caused by Ham- 
ilton's financial policy. This led to the organization of 
political parties. Those who favored Hamilton's policy 
became known as the Federalists, those who were opposed 
were known as the Anti-Federalists or Democratic-Re- 
publicans. 

ANTI-FEDERALISTS or 
FEDERALISTS Democratic-Repiiblicaii 

1789 — 1817 1789 — 1828 

Leaders: Washington, Ham- Leaders: Jefferson, Madison 
ilton, and Adams. and Monroe. 

Favored: Favored: 

1. Loose construction of 1. Strict construction of 
the constitution. the constitution. 

2. Strong central govern- 2. Strong state govern- 
ment, ment. 

3. Assumpion of State ()i)i)osed: 

debts, tariff and U. S. Bank. 1. Assumption of State 

4. Jay's treaty with Eng- debts. 

land. 2. Jay's treaty with Eng- 

land. 

In 1792 war broke out between England and France. 

The Federalists favored En- The Democratic-Republic- 
gland and opposed France, an party was in sympathy 

Opposed the War of 1812 with France and the French 
because it injured northern Revolution and felt we 
commerce. should help France in pay- 

They summoned the Hart- ment for aid she had given 
ford Convention at which us in our Revolution, 
they were suspected of mak- 
making a plan to secede from 
the Union. This plan failed 
but it killed the party. 

DEMOcranc — repubi kaxs — 1817 - 1828 

In 1817 the Federalist party disappeared. During the 
administration of Monore, there was only one party, the 
Democratic-Republican. This period was known as the 
"Era of Good Feeling." Toward the close of Monroe's sec- 
ond term there began to be signs of jealousies and differ- 
ences of opinion. This lead to a split in the Democratic- 
Republican party. 



52 OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



NATIOXAL-BEPUBLICAN DE3I0CRAT 

1828 - 1836 1828 - 1922 

Leaders: Clay, John Quincy Favored: 

Adams. Tariff for revenue only. 

FaTored: Internal improvements at 

A protective tariff. State expense. 

Internal improvements at State Banks. 

national expense. 
National Bank. 

In 1833 the National Republican party assumed the 
name Whig because of its former popularity and because 
it implied that Jackson's methods were "high-handed and 
tyrannical." It was made up of the more conservative 
element. 

WHIUS I)E3I0CRAT 

1833 - 18:,() 1828 - 1922 

Leaders: Clay, Tyler. Leaders: Calhoun, Polk, Van 

Favored: Buren. 

A protective tariff. Favored: 

Internal improvements at Jackson's "Pet Bank." 

national expense. State rights. 

National Bank. Mexican War because it 
Strong National Govern- would give additional slave 

ment. territory. 

Opposed: 

Slavery and growth of 

slave territory. 

From time to time there have been organized third par- 
ties made up of the dissatisfied elements in the regular 
parties. These parties have always stood for rather rad- 
ical ideas. Chief among these we find the Aiiti-3Iasoiis, 
1830. They were opposed to Secret organizations. 

Abolitioiiists. 1840, favored prohibition of slavery in 
Mexican Cession. 

Knon-iVothins" Party, 1853-1855, opposed the election of 
foreigners to political offices and opposed easy natural- 
ization of foreigners. 

Prohil»itioii Party, 1869, opposed the manufacture and 
sale of liquor. 

(freenback Party, 1878, advocated that more paper mon- 
ey be issued. 

Populist Party. 1890, advocated "free coinage of silver." 

Prrgressive Party, 1912, stood for national regulation 
of trusts and social legislation. 

A new party known as the Republican was organized in 
1856 at Jackson, Michigan. It was made up of the dis- 
satisfied elements of all the old parties. 



OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 53 



REPTBLKAN DE3I0CRAT 

1856-1922 1828 ■ 1922 

Opposed slavery and the ex- Northern Democrats satis- 
tension of slave territory. fied to let slave question a- 

Farorecl a high protective lone, 
tariff and a strong central Southern Democrats favor- 
government, ed extension of slavery and 

slave territory. 
Farored State Rights, a ta- 
riff for revenue only and se- 
cesion. 



TERRITORIAL GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES 

1. Original territoiT, 1798, embraced all lands from the 

Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River, and from 
Canada and the Great Lakes to the northern bound- 
ary of Florida. 

2. Louisiana Territorj, 1803, Jefferson president. 

a — Purchased from France for $15,000,000.00. 

b— States afterwards formed from this territory, 
Arkansas, Iowa, Kansas, Louisana, part of Min- 
nesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, North 
Dakota, South Dakota, Oklahoma, Wyoming, 
part of Colorado. 

3. Floi'ida Purchase, 1819. Monroe president. 

a — Purchased from Spain for $5,000,000.00. 
b — States afterwards formed: Florida, Louisiana 
in part, and Alabama in part. 

4. Annexation of Texas, 1815. Tyler president. 

5. Oreg^on Territory, 184G. Polk president. 

a — Acquired from Great Britain by treaty, 
b — States afterwards formed: Idaho, Oregon, Wash- 
ington. 

6. 3Iexican Cession, 1848. Polk president. 

a — Acquired in settlement of Mexican war and by 
additional payment of 815,000,000.00. Also 
United States was to pay certain claims held 
against Mexico amounting to $3,250,000.00. 

7. Gadsden Purchase, 1853. Fillmore president. 

a— Purchased from Mexico to correct boundary line. 

Price paid $10,000,000. Area 47,330 square 

miles, 
b — Territory annexed to New Mexico and Arizona. 

8. Alaslia Purchase, 1867. Johnson president. 

Purchased from Russia for $7,200,000. 



54 OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



9. Hawaiian Islands, 1898. McKinley president. 

Acquired by annexation. Twelve islands in group. 
Area 7,000 square miles. 

10. Philippines, Porto Kieo, Guam, 1898. McKinley 

president. Acquired in settlement of Spanish- 
American war and by payment of $20,000,000.00. 

11. Tutiiila Group, Samoa, 1900. McKinley president. 

Acquired through agreement with England and 
Germany. 

12. Panama Canal Zone, 1904. Roosevelt president. 

Leased from Panama. 

13. Aii*g:in Islands, 1917. Wilson president. 

Bought of Denmark. 

14. Isle of Yap, 1922. Harding president. 

Acquired from Japan. 



OUTLINE S IN U NITED STATE S HISTORY 55 

V. PERIOD OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (1780-1861) 

— o — 

GEOR(JE WASHINGTON ■ Whole Party - 1789-1797. 

1. Election and Inauguration. Compare with present 
day elections and inaugurations. 

2. Organization of Cabinet. Notice its growth as the 
need arises. First Cabinet: 

a. — Secretary of State. Thomas Jefferson. 

b — Secretary of Treasury. Alexander Hamilton. 

c — Secretary of War. Henry Knox. 

d — Attorney General. Edmund Randolph. 

3. Hamilton's Financial Polity. 

The United States had no credit with any foreign 
country. Hamilton believed that we must pay all 
our debts, both foreign and domestic, and that the 
Federal Government should assume the State debts 
if we were to establish a national credit, 
a— TARIFF OF 1789 was a tax on foreign goods— our 

first tariff on imports. It was protective, and was 

favored by the north and strongly opposed by the 

south. Why? 

NOTE: Study the importance of this and notice 
effects in later history. 

b.— ASSUMPTION BILL. How did this help to estab- 
lish credit? 

1. South agreed to assumption of State debts. 

2. North agreed that National capital should be 
located on the Potomac. 

c— ESTABLISHMENT OF FEDERAL BANK at Phil- 
adelphia in which the nation was to be a director 
and a shareholder. 

d— EXCISE LAW. \^hat is an exsise law? 
1. Whiskey Rebellion. Its importance. 

4. EstabHsliment of United States Mint at Philadelphia 

a — Beginning of present national currency system. 

5. Foreign Affairs. 

a — Trouble with France. 

1. Citizen Genet. French Minister to the United 
States. 

2. Proclamation of Neutrality, the basis of our 
policy in not interfering in European Wars. 

3- -Recall of Genet at request of Washington. 



56 OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 

b~TroubIe with England. 

1. CAUSE: 

a — England still held Western ports of Detroit, 

Niagara, Oswego, 
.b — Impressed seamen, searched American ships, 
and interfered with comrneice. 

2. RESULT: 

a — Treaty made by Chief Justice Jay with Eng- 
land settled all disputes except inipressment 
of seamen. 

(5. Iiiveiiti<iii of rottoii (iiii. 

What effect had this on the growth of slavery? 

7. rju>it<>l clianged from New York to Pliiladolphia. 

8. "Lilioral Constnietioii" and "Strict Coiistiuetion," 

Notice how this controversy led to the Civil War, 
which resulted in the triumph of "National Suprem- 
acy" over "States' Rights." 

J). Political Parties. 

See chapter on "Development of Political Parties." 

TO THE TEACHER: Many things in this ad- 
ministration must necessarily be emphasized be- 
cause they establish precedent for later events 
in our history. 



JOHN Ai?AMS — Federalist — 17»7-1801 
1. Foreig^n Affairs. 

a — Trouble with France. 

1 — CAUSE. France, angry because of Jay's treaty, 
dismissed the United States Minister and began 
to seize our merchant vessels. 

2--"'X. Y. Z." papers suggested that peace could 
be secured by bribery. Explain. 

3— RESULT. 

a — "Millions for defense, but not one cent for 

tribute" Pinckney. 
b — An army with Washington in command was 

raised, 
c — Several ships captured by each nation. 

4— TREATY OF PEACE made by Napoleon Bona- 
parte and envoys sent by Adams. 

NOTE: Hail Columbia was written at this time. 



OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 57 



2. Alien and Sedition Laws. 

What were the conditions that made these laws 
necessary? 

a — Under the Alien Law, the president could ban- 
ish from the country any foreigner whom he deem- 
ed dangerous to the country. 

b — Under the Sedition Law, the president could 
punish anyone who said anything false or malic- 
ious against the government. 

3 — Nullification Resolutions — Virginia and Kentucky, 
a — Virginia Legislature passed resolutions declaring 

the Alien and Sedition laws unconstitutional, 
b— Kentucky Legislature passed resolutions declaring 
that any state had a right to nullify any act of 
Congress which they considered unconstitutional. 

QUESTIONS: Why should not a state be allowed 
to nullify an act of Congress? 

What means is provided by the Constitution 
for deciding whether a law is constitutional or 
not? 

4 — Repeal of Alien and Sedition Laws, 

5 — Capitol remoyed to Washington. 

6— Defeat of Federalist Party. Election of Thomas 
Jefferson. 

TH03IAS JEFFERSON— l)emociatic.Rei)uI)liean 1801-1809 
1 — Purchase of Louisiana — 1808. 

RESULTS: 

a -Prevented France from retaining a foothold in 

America, 
b— Prevented England from acquiring this land 

from France, 
c — Gave control of the Mississippi. 

'What is the Elastic Clause of the Constitution? 

2 — Lewis and Clark ExpediticHS. 

a — Value of Louisiana purchase proven. 

b- — United States given a claim to the Oregon country 

c— Found sources of Mississippi and Missouri rivers. 

3 — Foreign Affairs. 

a— WAR WITH TRIPOLI. 

In order to keep our commerce safe in the Medi- 
terranean, we were compelled to pay tribute to 



58 OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



the pirates who molested it. Tripoli demanded 
more money. Jefferson sent a fleet to investigate. 
After a few minor encounters and some bombard- 
ment, our commerce was made safe from pirates' 
bands without the payment of tribute. 

b— Trouble with Eiig^land aud France, 

England and France were at war with each other. 
Each in turn forbade neutral trade with the. other. 
Results: 

1 — Embargo Act, passed by Congress, forbade 

United States vessels to leave or foreign vessels 

to enter our ports. For fourteen months our 

ships lay idle. 
2 — jVoii-Iiitercourse Act, passed later, permitted 

commerce with all countries except England 

and France. 

4 — Imentioii of tlie Steamboat by Robert Fulton. 

NOTE: Take notice of the successive events 
which have caused the expansion of our territory. 

JAMES 3IA1)IS0N— Democratic-Rei)ublican — 1S09-1817. 
1— Henr.v Clay Speaker of the House of Representatives. 
Note his influence on affairs. 

o — -vvvR OY 1812. War for Commercial Freedom, 
a— CAUSES: 

1 — Impressing American sailors. 
2 — Patrolling-^ our coast with armed vessels. 
3 — Capturing our vessels on the high seas. 
4 — Encouraging the Indians to attack the settlers 
west of the Alleghenies. 

NOTE: Study some of the leading battles and 
their leaders. Notice that this was a naval war. 
It included some of the most brilliant naval 
engagements of our history. 

b— BURNING OF WASHINGTON. 

c_TREATY OF PEACE, signed at Ghent, December 
24, 1814. 

d— RESULTS: 

1 -Freedom of the Seas. 

2 — Establishment of native industries. 

3—True union of the States. 

What historic event does "Don't give up the 



OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 59 



ship" recall? 

Tell events concerning the writing of the Star 
Spangled Banner. 

3 — Tariiili of 1816 was a high tariff to help pay the ex- 
penses of the War of 1812. 



JAMES 3I0NR0E— Democratlc-ReDublicau — 1817-1825. 

"ERA OF GOOD FEELING" 
1 — Purchase of Florida, 1819. Note the gradual ex- 
pansion of the country. 

2 — Western Euiigratioii and Growth of the West. 

NOTE the discussion arising concerning the admis- 
sion of new states, whether they be free or slave. 
Notice that States usually came in in pairs a slave 
and a free to keep the balance of power in the Sen- 
ate even. 

3 — 3Iissouri Compromise — 1820. 

Proposed by Henry- Clay, the Great Pacificator. 
Watch his career from now on to see if he deserves 
the title. 

a- — Maine was to be admitted free. 

b — Missouri was to come in as a slave state. 

c — ^All territory in the Lousiana purchase north of 
36 degree 30 minutes was to be free soil. 

4— 3Ionroe Doctrine — 1823. 

a — Spanish colonies in America threw off control of 
Mother country. Spain appealed to Holy Alliance. 
What was the Holy Alliance? What were its aims? 

b — Provisions of Monroe Doctrine. 

Study carefully, for this outlines our national 
policy for future events. When has it been used? 

5— Tariff of 1824 — Hijsrh Protective. 

6 — Estal)lishmeut of Northern Boundary line as far west 
as the Rocky Mountains. 

NOTE: Study the character of Monroe's admin- 
istration — the increase in manufactures, internal 
improvements, etc. 

TO TEACHERC: Have students draw a map of 
the United States. On it indicate the thirteen 
colonies, the region owned after the Revolution, 



60 OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



and each time new territory is acquired, outline 
it on the map, with date, purchase price and 
from whom secured. 

Begin an outline of the devolopment of the 
slavery question, beginning with the date 1619. 



JOHN QUINCY ADAMS— National KeDiiblican— 1825-1829 

This is a period of internal improvements - canals and 
railroads. 

1— Erie Canal, "Clinton's Big Ditch" - 1825. Tell its 
importance. 

2 — First Railroad 1830. What are the names of our 
transcontinenal lines to-day? 

3— Tariff of 1828 - High Protective. "Tariff of Abom- 
inations." 

Notice the opposition of the South for a tariff 
levied on imports. 

o — 

GROWTH OF SECTIONAL FEELING. 

In the three great political questions of Tariff, 
INTERNAL IiVJPROVEMENTS, and the EXPANSION 
OF SLAVE TERRITORY, the North and South were 
directly opposed to each other. Neither side would 
yield, and serious disputes arose which later led to 
the Civil War. Study these questions carefully and 
the attitude of sections toward them. Follow the 
growth of slavery during the period 1829-1860. 

ANDREW JACKSON - Democrat - 1829-1837. 

What is meant bv the "Spoils System?" This system 
lasted until 1883. 

What is Civil Service Reform? What government 
employees are under the regulations of Civil Service? 

1. Anti-Slavery Ag^itation. Wm. Lloyd Garrison. 

Locate Mason and Dixon Line. Why so called? 
What is the difference in meaning between "anti- 
slavery" and "abolition?" 

2. Tariff of 1832. 

Tariff reduced, but not enough to satisfy the southern 
states. 
a— NULLIFICATION. 

South Carolina, under the leadership of John C. 



OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 61 



Calhoun, Vice-President of the United States, 
wished to declare the tariff bill null and void. 
Study the Webster-Hayne debate, 
NOTE: Jackson, though a Democrat, vigorously 
opposed the action of South Carolina. Why? 
Explain the circumstances connected with the 
words, "Our Federal Union, it must be preserved!" 
"Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and 
inseparable." 

3 Tariff of 1883. 

The Compromise Tariff, offered by Henry Clay, pro- 
vided for a gradual reduction of tariff rates on many 
n'ecessary articles. This satisfied the South, and 
South Carolina did not nullify the Tariffs of 1828 and 
1832. 

4. Chaiigre in Financial System. 

a. Vetoed the charter for the Bank of the United 
States which expired in 1836. Why? When did 
the bank get its first charter? 

b. Deposited money in State Banks, called "Pet 
Banks." 

c. Results. 

1. Reckless speculation in western lands. 

2. Springing up of "Wild Cat Banks" - banks v/ith- 
out capital, which issued paper money with no 
gold or silver with which to redeem it. 

3. Pani<? of 1837. 

a — Cause - "Specie Circular," an order that the 
Government would receive only gold and sil- 
ver in payment for Federal lands. 

b — Result — Banks, business houses, and factor- 
ies failed, and thousands of workmen were 
thrown out of employment. 

NOTE: The stability of Jackson, his love of honor 
and justice are well worthy of mention. Account 
for his popularity with the people. 



MARTIN VAXBUREN - Democrat - 1837-1841. 

As a result of Jackson's Financial System and the 
reckless speculation in everything, the entire VanBuren 
administration was affected by the Panic of 1837. 
Contrast "investment" and "speculation." 



62 OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 

WILLIA3I HENRY HARRISON — JOHN TYLER— Whiff 
1841-18^5. 

The National Republicans of earlier times now called 
themselves Whigs. Burdened by the strenuous duties 
of his office, and harassed by thousands of office seek- 
ers, Mr. Harrison lived only one month. He was suc- 
ceeded by the Vice-President, John Tyler, who was more 
Democrat than Whig. He openly quarreled with Con- 
gress and all the members of his Cabinet except the 
Secretary of State, Daniel Webster, resigned. The pre- 
sident was promptly "read out of his party." What 
does this mean? 

1 — WeI)Ster-A,shl)urtoii Treaty, named for Daniel 
Webster and Lord Ashburton, the British Min- 
ister, fixed the boundary line between our country 
and Canada, particularly along the Maine border. 
The treaty added seven thousand square miles to 
the State of Maine, and confirmed the old agree- 
ment of 1818 which stated our northern boundary 
was to extend from the Lake of the Woods along- 
the forty-ninth parallel to the Rocky Mountains. 

2--Inveiitioii ol' tlie Teleg^raph by Samuel F. B. 
Morse. What was the first message? 

3 — Annexation of Texas, February 1845. Why was 
this opposed by the North? Compare the size of 
Texas with the size of your state. 



JA3IE8 K. POLK - Democrat - 1S4.>.1849. 
1 — Disputes over the Northwest Ixumdary. 

Locate the Oregon country. Which nation had the 

greater right to it? 

a — "54 degrees 40 minutes or fight." What reasons 

had we to claim that boundary? 
b — The treaty of 1846 between Great Britain and 
the United States decided that the forty-ninth 
parallel was to be our boundary westward from 
the Lake of the Woods to the Pacific Ocean. We 
thus acquired territory about six times the size 
of New York. This territory later was divided 
into the States of Washington, Oregon, and part 
of Idaho. 

2— 3Iexican War - 1846-1848. 
a — Causes. 

1. Refusal of Mexico to recognize the independ- 
ence of Texas. 



OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 63 



2. Dispute over boundary line between Mexico and 
Texas. 
b— Results. 

1. United States successful in all battles. 

2. Southern boundary line fixed at the Rio Grande. 
•3. New Mexico and California were gained by this 

'VVar of Conquest," and the payment of $15,000,- 

000. 

NOTE: Do you consider the Mexican War just? 

Justify your answer. 

8 — Wilmot Proviso, proposed that slavery should be pro- 
hibited in all land gained in the Mexican War. Al- 
though the measure was lost, it promoted the feel- 
ing of irritation between the North and the South. 

4 — Fremont's explorations in the Soutliwest. 

5— Discovery of Gold in California - 1848. 

Show how the discovery of gold in California influ- 
enced the development of the western country. 



ZACHARY TAYLOR - MILLARD FILLMORE - Wliigr- 
1849-1853 

1 — Death of Taylor after one year of service. 

2 — Compromise of 1850. 

"Omnibus Bill" because it carried so many provis- 
ions. Proposed by Henry Clay when California ap- 
plied for admission as a free state. Up to this time 
there were fifteen free states and fifteen slave states 
thus making the balance of power in the Senate even, 
but in the House of Representatives the North had 
the majority because of its larger population. Notice 
two clauses of the Compromise were for the North 
and two were for the South. Study carefully. 

a. California to come in free (North) 

b. Slave trade prohibited in the District of Col- 
umbia (North) 

c. Fugitive Slave Law passed (South) 

d. Formation of territories of New Mexico and 
Utah without any mention of slavery (South) 

e. Boundary between Texas and New Mexico es- 

tablished and Texas was paid ten million dol- 
lars for giving up her claim. 

3 — InfliU'iices leading^ towards Civil War. 

a. Methods practised in enforcing the Fugitive Slave' 



64 OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



Law. 

b. Undei ground Railroad. 

c. Uncle Tom's Cabin. 

d. State rights 

4 — V ad ^ d € n rurch ase. 

Land purchased from Mexico to correct difference 
in the boundary line between the two countries after 
the Mexican War. We paid $10,000,000. It was 
named for James Gadsden, our minister to Mexico. 



FRANKLIN PIERCE ■ Democrat ■ 1853-1857. 

1— Kaiisas-Nebraska Bill - 1854, 

Introduced by Stephen A. Eouglass. Provided that 
two new territories, Kansas and Nebraska, he made 
from that part of the Louisana Purchase lying west 
of Missouri and Iowa, and that the people of these 
two territories were to decide for themselves whether 
they enter the Union as free or slave states. 

a^Resiilts. 

1. Practical repeal of the Tuissouri Compromise. 

2. Establishment of "Squatter Sovereignty." 

3. Bitter struggles in the territories by Northern 
and Soatliern immigrants for three years. 

4. Democratic Party broken up. Republican 
Party formed. Where? When? Why? 

5. Commercial Treaty with Japan made in 1854 
by Commodore Perry. 

What has this "Open Door" meant to us? To Japan 



JAMES BUCHANAN ■ Democrat - 1 857-1 8()1. 
1 — Panic of 1857. 

a. CAUSES. 

1. Too much credit. 

2. Wild specualtion in Western lands. 

3. Increase of money circulation, much of it paper 
money with nothing to redeem it. 

2 — Dred Scott Decision. 

The Supreme Court said a slave was personal pro- 
perty and could be taken into the Territories and 
still be a slave. This virtually declared the Miss- 
ouri Compromise null and void. Why? Why did 
this decision have such an effect on the North? 

3 — 1 iiicolii-D<ui8:las Debates. 

Why did they attract so much attention? 



OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 65 



4— John Brown's Raid. 

Increased the bitterness between the North and the 
South. 

5 — Political Parties. 

Study the splits in the parties at this time. Slavery 
the political issue of 1860. . 

6— ^Election olf Lincoln. 

Attitude of the South. 

7 — Secession of South Carolina followed by other south- 
ern states and formation of the Confederacy. Jeffer- 
son Davis chosen President. What were the prin- 
ciples of their constitution? 



V. PERIOD OF CIVIL WAR - (1861-1865) 

ABRAHAM LINCOLN - Republican ■ 1861-1865. 

1 — Tarift" of 1861 raised duties and placed a tax on 

goods to meet expenses of war. 
2— CIVIL WAR. 
3 — Assassination of Lincoln. 

OUTLINE OF SLAVERY. 

1 — Introtlnction. 

Slavery had its origin in the United States in 1619 
when twenty negroes were brought from Africa and 
sold to the planters of Virginia. 

2— Growth. 

Slave labor seemed necessary in the south. There was 
no need for it in the north, hence it did not grow there. 
After the invention of the cotton gin, there v^'as a 
greater demand for labor, and slavery increased. 

3 — Ordinance of 1787. 

Prohibited slavery in the Northwest territory. The 
five states later formed from this territory, therefore, 
were free states. 

4 — Constitutional provisions for slavery. 

a. Three-fifths Compromise: Five negroes were to be 
counted as three white men in determining the basis 
of representation in Congress. 

b. Importation of slaves was forbidden after 1807. 
5 — 3Iissouri Compromise - 1820. See Page 59. 

6 — Annexation of Texas - 1845. 

Slave territory was increased and the slave question 
was agitated considerably. 



66 OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



7— Wiliiiot ProYiso - 1846. See Page 63 
8 — Compromise of 1850. See Page 63. 
9 — Personal Liberty Laws. 

Were passed by several northern states making it un- 
lawful for their citizens to assist in enforcing the Fug- 
itive Slave Law recently passed by Congress. This an- 
gered the South and they charged' the North with null- 
ifying a law passed by Congress. Many slaves escaped 
to freedom through the "Underground Railroad." 

10— Kansas-Xebraska Bill - 1854. See Page 64. 

11 — l^red Scott Decision. See Page 64. 

12 — John P.rown's Raid: 

John Brown's plan was to lead the slaves in revolt a- 
gainst their owners to eventually gain their liberty. 
He seized the government arsenal at Harper's Ferry, 
Virginia, but was captured and hanged. This event 
created much bitterness between the slave and free 
states. 

13 — Anti-Slavery Leaders and Writers. 
Wm. Lloyd Garrison, editor and writer. 
Wendell' Phillips, Orator. 
Harriett Beecher Stowe, Author. 
James Russell Lowell, Author. 
Henry W. Longfellow, Author. 
John G. Whittier, Author. 

14 — Slaverj was tlie political question of 1860. 

a. REPUBLICANS. Candidate, Abraham Lincoln. Be- 
lieved that slavery must be prohibited in the Terri- 
tories. 

b. DEMOCRATS. 

1- -Northern. Candidate, Stephen A. Douglass. Be- 
lieved Congress must not interfere with slavery in 
the Territories. 

2 — Southern. Candidate, John Breckenridge. Believ- 
ed Congress should protect slavery in Territories. 

c. CONSTITUTIONAL PARTY. Candidate, John Bell. 

Believed in enforcement of the law and the Consti- 
tution. 

d. ABOLITIONISTS. No candidate. Believed in the 

extermination of. slavery. 

15 — Election of Lincoln. 

16 — Secession of Sontliern States. 

a. South Carolina led the movement and Mississippi, 
Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas 
soon followed. Other states withdrew later. 



OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 67 



NOTE: At this time study the doctrine of Federal 
and State Sovereignty. Why did the Southern 
States contend they could leave the Union? 
Orgraiiizatioii of Confederate States of America, at 
Montgomery, Alabama, February 4, 1861. Rich- 
mond, Virginia, was later chosen as the capitol 
city. President - Jefferson Davis. Vice-President- 
Alexander H. Stephens. 

NOTE: Name three basic principles of their con- 
stitution. 



P^KIOI) OF CIVIL WAR - 1861-1865. 

1— CAUSES. 

a. ATTITUDE OF SOUTH toward States' Rights. 

b. GROWTH OF SLAVERY in the South and opposition 

to it in the North. 

c. SECESSION OF SOUTHERN STATES. 

d. ATTACK ON FORT SUMTER, Charleston, South Car- 

olina, April 12, 1862. The Confederates bombarded 
the fort and after a brave resistance of thirty-four 
hours. Major Anderson and his companions were 
compelled to surrender. 

NOTE; Contrast the advantages of the North 
over the South; of the South over the North. 
How did geographical conditions affect the war? 

2— PREPARATIONS FOR WAR. 

a. Lincoln calls for 75,000 troops, April 15. 

b. Declares a blockade of the southern ports. 

18 6 1 
1— BATTLE OF BULL RUN. 

General McDowell in command of the Union troops 
at Washington advanced to meet General Beauregard. 
Result: Rout of the Union army. 

Realization of serious task before the North. 
General McClellan made commander-in-chief to suc- 
ceed General Scott of Mexican War fame. 
Both sides call for more troops. 

2— THE TRENT AFFAIR. 

The South, through the agency of two Commissioners, 
Mason and Slidell, attempted to seek aid from France 
and England for the Confederacy. The Commissioners 
escaped the Southern blockade and sailed on the En- 



68 OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



glish steamship Trent. However, Captain Wilkes of 
the North boarded the Trent and captured the Com- 
missioners. What old principle did this involve? How 
was serious trouble with England averted at this time? 

18 6 2. 

UNION PLAN OF WAR. 

a. To capture Richmond and defend Washington. 

b. To gain control of Mississippi and therefore divide 

the South 

c. To make stronger the blockade of southern ports and 

cut off all communication with Europe. 

CONFEDERATE PLAN OF WAR. 

a. To capture Washington and defend Richmond. 

b. To break the blockade. 

c. To gain control of the Border States and extend the 

Confederacy northward. 

TO THE TEACHER: Trace all campaigns closely 
on map. Locate all places mentioned. 

PENINSULAR CA3IPAIGN: 

The attempt of the Union to capture Richmond is 
generally known as the Peninsular Campaign. Locate 
the peninsula concerned in this campaign. 

What generals commanded the Union forces? 

The Confederate forces? 

a. Principal Event'-. 

1 — McClellan, commander-in-chief, moved his troops 
by ship to the new base at the mouth of the York 
River up which he proposed to advance on Rich- 
mond. 

2 — McDowell, in charge of the army of Potomac, 
keeping himself between Washington and its ene- 
mies, was to advance overland toward Richmond. 

3 — General Banks and Fremont were to guard the 
Shenandoah valley to prevent General Jackson with 
the Southern army from invading the North. 

4 — McClellan's progress was greatly retarded by the 
shrewdness of General Joseph E. Johnston, but 
after more than a month of arduous campaigning, 
he had progressed to within four miles of Rich- 
mond. Defeated Johnston at Battle of Fair Oaks. 

5 — General Lee, in command of the Confederate army, 
sent Jackson up the Shenandoah Valley where he 
easily defeated General Fremont and drove Banks 
to the Potomac. The Union capital being now 
threatened, McDowell was recalled to guard the city. 



OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 69 



6 — McClellan, thus deserted, was forced to withdraw 
from his position near Richmond after the 'Seven 
Days' Battles," 

b. Results of Peninsular Campaign. 

Dismal failure. The North was much discouraged. 

LEE'S IWASION OF THE NORTH. 

The object of this invasion was to capture Washing- 
ton. The Southern commander was General Lee; the 
Northern leaders were General Halleck, commander-in- 
chief, General Pope and General McClellan. 

1. Principal Events. 

a— Second battle of Bull Run - Union army under 

Pope defeated, 
b— Battle of Harper's Ferry - Victory for the South, 
c — Battle of Antietam - Indecisive battle but Mc- 
Clellan forced Lee to retire into Virginia. 
2 — Result of Invasion of North was uusuecessful. 

Both armies were in about the same position as at 
the beginning of the year. Burnside was put in 
command of the Union forces. He at once attacked 
Lee who v>^as strongly intrenched at Fredricksburg. 
The Union army suffered a very heavy defeat. 
Hooker was then placed in command of the Union 
army. 

UNION SUCCESSES IN THE WEST - ]8Gl\ 

Locate the Confederate Line of Defense. Locate 
and name the defenses of the Mississippi River. 
a. Principal Events. 

. 1 — Capture of Forts Donelson arid Henry by General 

Grant. Commodore Foote broke the southern 

line of defense ar.d gained most of Tennessee. 

Where was the second line of defense? Who was 

the Southern leader? 
2 — Battle of Shiloh or Pittsburg Landing - a victory 

for the Union army. 
3 — Island No. 10 surrendered to Admiral Fcote and 

General Pope. 
4 — Corinth and Memphis surrendered when the Union 

fleet attacked from the north. 
5 — New Orleans was attacked by Commodore Farra- 

gut on water and General Butler with land forces. 

After bombarding the fort six days, Farragut 

advanced, defeated the Confederate fleet and 

captured New Orleans. 



70 OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



b. llesults 

Mississippi river was open to the North except at 
Vick=burg and Port Hudson. 

THE BLOCKADE OF SOUTHERN PORTS. 

a. Priiicipal Events. 

1 — lioi-thern Successes: The old cruiser, Merrimac, 
which had been sunk in the Norfolk Navy yard by 
the North at the beginning of the war, was now 
raised by the Confederacy and her sides ai moved. 
She caused several Union ships to surrender. Her 
success was short-lived, however, for she was at- 
tacked and defeated by the Monitor, a new inven- 
tion of Ericsson. 

b. Results. 

1 — Naval warfare was revolutionized. Wooden ships 

lost their usefulness. 
2 -The blockade was not broken. 

1 8 () 8. 
1— E^LVXriPATlOX PR0(LA3IATI0N was issued Sep- 
tember 22, 1862, immediately after the Battle of 
Antietam. Became effective January 1, 1863. 

2— DEFEAT OF UNION FORCES under Hooker at Chan- 
cellorsville. 

3— LEE'S SECOND INVASION OF THE NORTH. 

4_BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG - July 1-2-3, 1863. De- 
cisive battle of the war. Why? Who were the lead- 
ers in this battle? Locate their positions. 
Results: 

a — Ended Lee's Invasion, 
b— -Turning point of war. 

5--SIEGE OF VICKSBURG - July 4, 1863. 

After several battles and a siege of two months, 
Vicksburg surrendered to Grant, thus giving the con- 
tiol of the entire Mississippi to the North. 

(;— BATTLES OF CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 

These battles with the Southern general Bragg, 
were won by Generals Grant and Hooker. Who was 
the Rock of Chicamauga? Why? Practically all the 
West was under the control of the North. 

7— INTERNAL AFFAIRS. 

a. Beg-iniiing- of Draft. Compare the method then 
with that used in the World War. 



OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 71 



b. Revenue from Taxes, Sale of Bonds, etc, insuffic- 
ient to carry expenses of war. Greenbacks issued. 

18 6 4. 

1— GENERAL GRANT 3IAI)E LIEUTENANT-GENERAL 

OF ALL THE FEDERAL AR3IIES. 

2— NORTHERN PLAN. "HA3I3IERING CAMPAIGN." 

3Vli.y g^iven this name? 

1. The capture of Richmond by Grant. 

2. Defeat of Johnston by Sherman, thus giving the 

North the control of Georgia. 

3— GRANT'S CAMPAIGN. 

a. Battle of the Wilderness. 

b. Battle of Spottsylvania. 

c. Battle of Cold Harbor. 

d. Battle of Petersburg. 

Tell of Sheridan's defense of the Shenandoah Valley. 

4— SHER3IAN'S CA3IPAIGN. 
a. Results. 

1 — Captured Atlanta. 

2 — Large part of Georgia ravaged. 

3 — Confederacy cut in' two from east to west. 
NOTE: Was Sherman justified in devasting the 
whole country through which he passed? 

5- NATAL AFFAIRS. 

a. Alabama and Kearsage. 

What controversy did this incident open between 
England and the United States? How settled? 
What were the Alabama Claims? 

Capture of Mobile by Admiral Farragut. 

6— FRA3IING OF THE THIRTEENTH A3IENI)3IENT. 

Campare with the Ordinance of 1787 in regard to 
Slavery, 

18 6 5. 
1— INAUGURATION OF LINCOLN FOR SECOND TER3I. 

2— PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF THE YEAR. 

a. Fall of Richmond. 

Lee, finding himself defeated at Five Forks, and 
unable to join Johnston in North Carolina, withdrew 
to Appomattox Court House. Grant marched into 
Richmond and another plan of the North had suc- 
ceeded. 

b. Surrender of Lee to Grant at Appomatox Court 

House, 



72 OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



c. Siiriender of Johnston to Sherman. 
(1. Jefterson Davis imprisoned. 

3— ASSASSINATION OF LINCOLN, April 14, 1865. 

4— RESULTS OF WAR. 

a. Slavery abolished and negro problem begins. 

b. Settled the question of States' Rights and establish- 

ed the supremacy of the National Government. 

c. An enormous debt shouldered on the government. 

d. South devastated and helpless. 

e. Depreciation of money. 

f. Thousands of men killed and crippled. 

g. National growth stunted for years. 

QUESTIONS: Which Section, the North or the 

South, suffered the most from the War? In what 

ways had the North grown during the war? What 

new industry had grown to prominence? 

Describe the work done by women during the war. 

Was there ever any treaty of peace signed at the 

close of the Civil War? 

Compare the attitude of the North towards the 

South in their victory. 

Compare the gain with the loss of war. 

How was money for the war raised in the North? 

In the South? 

State clearly what the North fought for; what the 

South fought for; what the war decided. 



VI. PERIOD OF RECONSTRUCTION AND GROWTH. 

(1865-1896) 

ANDREW JOHNSON -Repnbliean - 1865-1860. 
1— RECONSTRUCTION. 
A. President's "31? Plan." 

After Lincoln was assassinated, the Vice-presi- 
dent, Andrew Jackson, became president. Had Mr. 
Lincoln lived, probably the reconstruction problem 
would have been solved more easily. As soon as 
Johnson became President, he began to carry out 
his own ideas in regard to restoring the authority 
of the Union in the seceded States. He was arbi- 
trary and made enemies at every turn. Congress 
could not meet until December, so during this time 
he was free from interruptions and he took advant- 
age of the opportunity to carry out his own plans. 
He appointed provisional governors in each of the 



OUTLINE S IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 73 

seceded states. These governors called constitut- 
ional conventions and did the following: 

a. Declared the Onlinanoe of Secession null and 
void. 

b. Repudiated tlie Confederate debt. 

c. Ratified tlie Tliirteentli Amendment to the Con- 
stitution. 

NOTE: See Page 50 for Amendments to the 
Constitution. Compare this amendment to the 
Emancipation Proclamation. 

d. 3Iade arrangements for the election of State Leg^- 

islatures who were to elect Senators and Rep- 
resentatives to Congress. Johnson thought it 
only remained for Congress to recognize these 
officers and the problem of reconstruction 
would be solved. 

B. Congressional Plan. 

Angered because Johnson had acted without their 
advise, Congress refused to recognize the men elect- 
ed in the South, claiming it was their duty to work 
out the reconstruction problem and they passed the 
following bills: 

a. Freedman's Bureau Bill. Its object was to care 

for the negro and give him military protection. 

b. Civil Rights Bill gave negroes all the rights of 

citizenship and permitted him to sue for these 
rights if necessary. 

c. Passed the Fourteenth Amendment and made 

the ratification of it by the seceded states a 
necessary condition to be recognized by Con- 
gress. See Amendments to the Constitution. 

d. Enlarged the Freedman's Bureau Bill ordering 

the sale of government land to negroes on easy 
terms. 

e. Passed the Fifteenth Amendment. See Amend- 

ments to the Constitution. 

f. Reconstruction Act divided the ten seceded 

states into military districts, each governed by 
a military officer supported by troops. The 
right to vote was given to all men black or 
white, who had not fought against the Union. 
As soon as these states made a constitution for- 
bidding slavery, and had ratified the fourteenth 
and the fifteenth amendments, they were al- 
lowed to come back into the Union. 



74 OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



QUESTIONS: What effect did the Reconstruction 
Act have upon the civic affairs of the states 
where negroes were numerous? Who were the 
Carpet Baggers? Scalawags? Have you ever 
read "The Crisis," by Churchill? What was the 
object of the Ku KIux Klan? 

2— Temire of Office Act. 

An act which said the President could not discharge 
a government employee without the consent of Con- 
gress. What did Johnson immediately do. 

NOTE: Johnson bitterly opposed every act that 
Congress passed and vetoed every measure. They 
immediately passed these laws over his veto. 

3 — IinpeacJnneiit of Johnson 

What is impeachment? 

a. Impeached by the House of Representatives. 

Tried before the Senate, but was acquitted by 

one vote. 

4— Purchase of Alaska. 1S67. 

Alaska was purchased from Russia for $7,200,000. 
What questions have arisen of late regarding the re- 
sources of Alaska? 

5 — Successful La.vingr of the Atlantic Cable. 

When was this undertaking started? 

How many cables connecting the. United States and 

Europe to-day? 

QUESTIONS: What hard questions did the coun- 
try have to meet after the war? 
Why was Lincoln's death a misfortune to the 
South? Who were the Freedmen? What was 
the object of the "Freedmen's Bureau?" 
Who were Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens? 
What became of the plantation system? 
State the provisions of the three amendments to 
the Constitution regarding the negro. 



U. S. U14AXT - Republican - 186f)-1877. 

Congress was still much occupied with the ques- 
tions which had grown out of the Civil War, recon- 
struction of the South and payment of the National 
debt. 

1— Adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment. 

See Amendments of the Constitution. 



OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 75 



2 — Settlements of Alabama Claims. 

Eng-land paid $15,000,000 to the United States for 
damage to commerce by Confederate ships during the 
Civil War. 

3 — Deyeioi)meiit of the West. 

a. First transcontinental railroad completed. How 

many are there today? 

b. Congress carried out the promise given in 1862 to 

give everyone a free homestead of one hundred 
and sixty acres in the West if he would settle on 
it and improve it. 

QUESTIONS: Name the causes which led to this 
growth of the West. Which was most import- 
ant? Why? What great natural recources are 
found in our western States? What is the 
United States government doing to-day to pro- 
mote these resources? What is artificial irrigat- 
ion? Locate the "American Desert." Where is 
the "Shoshone Dam?" "Roosevelt Dam?" 

4— Panic of 1873. 

Reckless speculation in railroad building and 
manufacturing as the climax of a very prosperous 
period through which the country had just passed. 
Compare with panics of other years. What was its 
effect on the development of the west? 

5 — Centennial Exposition in Philadelpliia - lS7(j. 

Was held to commemorate a century of American In- 
dependence. What benefits were derived from it? 

6 — Presidental Election of ISTfj. 

A bitter contest between the Republican and Demo- 
cratic pai'ties resulting in the election of Rutherford 
B. Hayes, the first "Dark Horse" in American History. 
What is meant by the term "dark horse?" 



RUTHERFORD R. HAYES - RepnMican - 1877-1881. 

Daring Hayes' administration, the former ill feelings 
and jealousies between the North and the South were 
disappearing gradually and in their stead there was the 
development of a general national feeling and spirit. 
Note the causes that promoted this growing reconcilia- 
tion. 

1 — Electoral Commissi<»n. 

The election of 1876 was contested by the two lead- 
ing parties. To settle the dispute, an electoral com- 



76 OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



mission consisting of fifteen members, five from each 
House of Congress and five Justices of the Supreme 
Court, was created. The Commission made its decis- 
ion by a vote of eight to seven in favor of Hayes, the 
Republican candidate. 

2 — Withdrawal of the Troops from the South. 

a. This movement practically brought the reconstruc- 

tion period to a close. 

b. Ended the rule of carpet baggers. 

c. Promoted better sectional feeling. Why? 

3 — New rroblems. 

a. Money question was unsettled. The greenbacks 

were still below par and there was a lack of con- 
fidence in the Government's ability to redeem 
them. 

b. The Bland-Allison Act provided for the coinage of 

silver on a legal tender basis with gold at the 
ratio of 16 to 1. 

c. The Resumption of Specie Payment. By this act 

Congress ordered the Federal Treasurer, after 
January 1st, 1879, to exchange gold specie for all 
greenbacks, dollar for dollar. 

d. Growth of new industries brought differences be- 

tween labor and capital. 

e. The tariff question became the leading issue of the 

presidential campaign of 1880. 

JAMES A. GARFIELD - CHESTER A. ARTHUR 
Republican - 1881-188.'. 
1 — What was the spoils system? (See Jackson's admin- 
istration.) Can you trace the assassination of 
Garfield to this system? Who succeeded Garfield? 
NOTE: Little was known of Chester A. Arthur 
when he became president, but before the close 
of his administration he proved himself to be a 
man of sterling worth and won the respect and 
confidence of the whole nation. 
2 — Presidential Succession Act. 

In case of the death of both President and Vice- 
President, the office shall be filled by the Secretary of 
State and then other members of the Cabinet in order. 
3— Pendlet(;n Act. 

The evils of the spoils system had been demonstrat- 
ed by the assassination of Garfield. Arthur, there- 
fore, urged upon Congress the necessity of passing a 
law which would do away with this system. As a 
consequence, the Pendleton Act was passed which 



OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 77 



created a Civil Service Commission. The Commiss- 
ion, under this act, provided for the filling of many 
government offices by a competitive examination. 
Name some government offices filled by examination. 

—Presidential Contest of 1884. 

The chief issue in 1884 was the tariff question, Re- 
publicans stood for a high protective tariff while the 
Democrats wanted a tariff 'for revenue only.' The 
Democrats succeeded in electing their candidate. 

NOTE: "Tariff for Revenue Ouly" means a suffic- 
ient tariff placed on imported goods to meet the 
running expenses of the government. 



OROYER CLEVELAND - Democrat ■ L885-1889. 

Cleveland's first administration was characterized by 
a vast amount of non-partisan legislation. 
What is meant by the term non-partisan? 

1 — interstate C(nnmerce Act. 

The Interstate Commerce Commission was created 
for the purpose of regulating and controlling rail- 
road rates tetween states. 

2 — The Chinese ExOlnsion Act. 

This act excluded Chinese laborers from entering 
the United States. 
REASONS: 

1. Not desirable. 

2. Will not become citizens. 

3^Tlie rresidental Election of 188S. 

The tariff question became the chief issue in this 
campaign. Cleveland and his party urged a reduction 
in tariff rates especially on raw goods such as wool. 
The Republicans stood opposed to this measure and 
succeeded in electing their candidate, Benjamin 
Harrison. 

BEXJAMLN HARRISON - Rernblican - 1889-1893. 
1 — Pan- American Congress. 

Soon after his inauguration, Harrison called a 
meeting of delegates from the principal states of the 
Western Hemisphere for the purpose of discussing 
mutual problems of trade. This resulted in the crea- 
tion of the Pan-American Union. 

2 — Department of Agriculture Established. 



78 OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



3 — Foreign Affairs. 

a. Difficulty between United States sailors and resi- 

dents of Chili. Chili agreed to pay damage. 
Settled through the Consulate. What is a Consu- 
late? 

b. Trouble with England. Difficulties over the seal 

fisheries in Bering Sea. Settled by arbitration. 

c. Trouble between England and Germany over the 

possession of the Samoan Islands. This was final- 
ly settled by a division of the islands, the United 
States obtaining Tutuila. 

d. The Hawaiian Question. After a rebellion in the 

Hawaiian Islands, the victorious party sought an- 
nexation to the United States. A treaty to this 
effect was arranged but before it had been passed, 
Harrison's administration came to a close and 
Cleveland, who was his successer, withdrew the 
treaty from the Senate. Five years later the 
islands were annexed by joint resolution of both 
houses of Congress. 

Where are they located? How governed? 
4— The i\k'Kinle.v Bill. 

This bill was a high protective measure which in- 
creased the rates on many imported articles. It also 
contained a reciprocity clause for the encouragement 
of trade with Central and South America. 
5— Ballot Keform. 

Introduced in most states at this time. 
Provisions: 

a. All ballots should be officially printed. 

b. Should be the same size and color. 

c. Should contain the same names of all candidates 

of all parties. 

d. Ballots to be marked by voter in secret. 
NOTE: The idea originated in Australia and is 
now generally used in contrast to the old method 
of voting where each office seeker furnished tick- 
ets or slips bearing his name to the voters. 

6— Elet'lion of 18J)2. 

Again the tariff became the chief issue. The Re- 
publicans favored a high protective tariff ar.d the 
Democrats a "tariff for revenue only." The Demo- 
crats won and elected Grover Cleveland. 



GROYEB CLEVELAND - Democrat - LS93-1SJ); 
Second term 
1— Panic of 1893. 



OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 79 



a. The decreasing value of silver and the rapidly in- 

creasing value of gold caused the people to lose 
confidence in the double standard of coinage. 

b. Bank deposits were withdrawn. 

c. Factories closed. 

d. Business was at a standstill. 

2— Foreig^ii At fairs. 

a. Beginning of the Cuban question. A rebellion in 

Cuba against Spain found many sympathizers in 
America. The President issued a proclamation 
warning citizens against the violation of the 
neutrality law. 

b. Dispute with Great Britain over the Venezuelan 

boundary between Venezuela and British Guiana. 
Settled by arbitration. Note the application of 
the Monroe Doctrine in this case. 

3— Election of 1896. 

The free coinage of silver became the chief issue in 
the Presidential election of 1896. At their national 
convention, the Democrats declared themselves in 
favor of free and unlimited coinage of silver and 
nominated \Villiam Jennings Bryan. A dissatisfied 
element of the party withdrew, called another con- 
vention, declared themselves in favor of a gold stand- 
ard and nominated John M. Palmer. The Republicans 
stood for a gold standard, nominated William Mc Kin- 
ley and won at the election. 



WILLIAM 3IeKINLEY - Reiniblicaii - 1897-1901. 

McKinley's administration marked the beginning of 
a new era in American history. There was a revival of 
industrial prosperity and a decided change in the for- 
eign policy of the United States. 
1— Dingrle.y Tariff. 

This act materially increased the tariff rates. 
2 — Tlie Spanish- American War, April 1898. 
a. CAUSES. 

1 — Spain's colonial policy consisted in extorting as 
much as possible from the colony for the sake 
of the mother country. 
2 — American residents in Cuba were mistreated. 
3 — American commerce with the island was broken 

up. 
4 — Spain refused to grant independence to the is- 
land but went on with her cruel work of des- 



80 OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



truction and desolation until the United States 
was forced to interfere in behalf of Cuba. 
5 — The destruction of the Maine. 

b. PRINCIPAL ENGAGEMENTS. 

Soon after war was declared, Commodore George 
Dewey with the Pacific Fleet was sent to Manila 
Bay in the Philippine Islands where on May 1, 1898, 
he encountered and destroyed the Spanish Fleet. A 
few weeks later the city of Manila was taken. 

A Spanish Fleet under Admiral Cervera stationed 
in the harbor of Santiago on the southern shore of 
Cuba was held there by a blockade established by 
Admiral Sampson. 

Troops which had been landed in the vicinity of 
Santiago attacked the defenses of the city and 
after some hard fighting took San Juan and El 
Caney. As there were no longer hopes of holding 
the city. Admiral Cervera attempted to run the 
American blockade but failed and soon after the 
city was surrendered to General Shafter. 

c. RESULTS: 

1 — Spain surrendered all claim to Cuba. 

2 — Ceded Porto Rico and all other Spanish possess- 
ions in the West Indies to the United States. 

3 — Surrendered to the United States all sovereignty 
over the Philippines. As a payment for their 
loss. United States gave to Spain $20,000,000. 

—Adoption of a New Foreign Policy. 

Hitherto, the United States had confined herself to 
the development of her continental possessions. 
After the Spanish-American War, the United States 
found herself in control of vast colonial possessions. 
Because of this fact she has been drawn more and 
more into international affairs. 

—Election of 1900. 

The Democratic party stood opposed to the Repub- 
lican tendencies toward acquiring colonial possessions 
and maintaining a large standing army. The Repub- 
licans won and re-elected McKinley. 



WILLIA3I 3IcKL\LEY - THEODORE ROOSEVELT 
Repiiblican - 1901-1905. 

In September following his inauguration in March, 
McKinley was assassinated by an anarchist at Buffalo, 
New York. 

What is an anarchist? 



OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 81 



Vice-President Roosevelt at once assumed the duties 
of the presidency and declared his intentions of follow- 
ing the plans and policies of McKinley. He won the 
love and admiration of his countrymen by the sterling 
worth of his own character. He was a man of high 
ideals, undaunted courage, and untiring energy. 

1 — Panama Canal. 

The Spanish-American War showed the United 
States the necessity of a shorter water route from the 
Atlantic to the Pacific. A strip of land known as 
the Canal Zone was leased from Panama. The Canal 
Zone is ten miles wide and extends across the Isth- 
mus, forty-five and one-half miles. A canal across 
the Isthmus at this point was completed in 1914. 
The Panama Canal decreased the water distance from 
New York to San Francisco by 8,500 miles. A toll is 
levied upon all ships, including those of the United 
States, that pass through this canal. 

2 — Foreig^n Affairs. 

With the opening of the twentieth century, the 
United States was forced to take an active part in 
world affairs. 

Was this new policy in keeping with the spirit of 
the Monroe Doctrine? 

a. CHINA - OPEN DOOR POLICY. 

European countries were seizing portions of 
China's territory and developing their own inter- 
ests in their "spheres of influence.' The United 
States opposed this action and announced her "Open 
Door" policy in China which meant that China was 
to retain possession and control of all her own terr- 
itory and that all other countries were to share 
alike in trade with her. 

b. JAPAN. 

Roosevelt used his influence to bring to a close 
the Russo-Japanese War in 1905 by the Treaty of 
Portsmouth. This war disclosed the fact that Jap- 
an was a powerful and ambitious nation and must 
be reckoned with in any question arising in the 
Pacific. 

c. ALASKA. 

An old understanding with England over the 
boundary of Alaska was settled by arbitration. 



82 OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



d. PHILIPPINES. 

These islands were given a representative govern- 
ment, American schools were established, and they 
were helped in every way possible. 

e. CUBA. 

Immediately after the close of the Spanish- 
American War, Cuban independence was recogniz- 
ed. Every effort has been made by the United 
States to help her in her struggle for self-govern- 
ment. 

f. THE HAGUE CONFERENCE. 

This conference was called by the Czar of Russia 
and met at the Hague in 1899 to discuss means of 
maintaining peace. A Court of Arbitration was es- 
tablished at the first conference. Since then a 
great many differences between nations have been 
settled by this court. 

3— Election of 1904. 

No stirring campaign issue. Roosevelt re-elected. 



THEODORE ROOSEVELT - Republican - 1905-1909. 
1 — Enforcement of Sherman Anti-Trust A'Ct. 

An act to prevent interlocking Directorates. What 

does this mean? 
2 — Department of Labor established. 
3— Panic of 1907. 

a — Caused by extravagant speculation. 

b— The Government issued bonds to bridge over the 
temporary depression. 
4 — Conservation of Natural Resources. 

A growing tendency towards conserving our natural 

resources, such as timber, water supply, fisheries, 

pastures, etc. 
5 — The World's Fair at San Francisco. 

6— Battle Fleet encircles the Globe. 

7 — Election of 1908. Republican victory. 



WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT - Republican - 1909-1913. 
1— Payne-Aldrich Tariff. 

An act raising the duty on luxuries and lowering 
the duty on necessities. 

a. Native products of the Philippines were to come in 
free of duty. 



OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 83 



b. A Tariff Board was created to advise the President 
and Congress of the relative cost of articles in 
this country compared with articles of foreign 
countries. 

2 — Discovery Of the North Pole by 

Coiiniiodore Robert E. Perry. 
3 — Sixteenth AmeiHlineiit. 

Gives Congress the power to levy a tax on incomes. 
4 — Interstate Commerce Act. 

Gives the Interstate Commerce Commission greater 
power over railroads and other public utilities. 
5 — Establishment of Postal Saving^s Banks. 
6 — Social Legislation. 

a. Welfare laws. 

b. Old age pensions. 

c. Workmen's Compensation laws. 

d. Minimum wage laws. 
7— Election of 1912. 

The Republicans nominated William Howard Taft. 
A dissatisfied element of the party withdrew, formed 
a new party known as the Progressive and nominated 
Theodore Roosevelt. The Democrats nominated 
Woodrow Wilson and won the election. 



WOODROW WILSON - Democrat - 1913-1917. 

1 — Seventeenth Amendment. 

This amendment to our constitution was added in 
1913 and provides for the election of senators by pop- 
ular vote. How had thev been elected previous to 
this? 
2— The I ndeiwood Tariff Bill. 

This law provided for a downward revision of 
duties charged on imported goods. 
3— Federal Reserve Banking^ Law. 

This law, known as the Glass-Owen Act, was passed 
by Congress in 1913. According to its provisions, every 
national bank must become a member of the Federal 
Reserve System and State banks are entitled to be- 
come members. The United States is divided into 
twelve districts with a Federal Reserve Bank in each 
district. The Reserve Bank is a bank for bankers. 
It does no business with individual depositors. It 
discounts notes for the various banks in its district 
and on the basis of these notes it issues federal re- 
serve notes to be used as currency. In this way the 
reserve board in each district can so adjust matters 



84 OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



as to relieve its own banks in case of emergency, 
and the Federal Reserve Board can make adjustments 
between one district and another. 

4 — Foreign Aft'airs. 

A. Trouble with Mexico. 

CAUSES: 

a — Failure of Mexican Government to control 

their internal affairs. 
b — Repeated attacks upon American life and 

property in Mexico and along the border. 
c — A state of revolution existed in Mexico which 
was embarrassing to this government. 
RESULTS: 

a — A punitive expedition was sent into Mexico, 
b — Temporary Mexican Government was estab- 
lished which is in a measure recognized. 
NOTE: A series of revolutions has been in prog- 
ress in Mexico for a number of years. There is 
sufficient character to gain our entire recogni- 
tion. 

K— The World War 1014-1918. 
1 — Causes: 

Germany for years had been craving wider do- 
minions. Desired to control the world'y trade 
and politics. Total disregard of International 
Law. 
2 — Smm after the outbreak of >var in l^urope. the 
United States declared her intentions of remain- 
ing neutral. This was the natural position for the 
United States to assume, first because of the Mon- 
roe Doctrine, and second because of her isolation. 
She also hoped to lead in restoring peace to 
Europe. In spite of many provocations and in- 
sults, she maintained this position until the 
Spring of 1917. 

5— Election of 1916. 

Party lines were not drawn so sharply as in some 
of the previous campaigns. The war was the ever 
prevailing topic. American interests must be pro- 
tected at home and abroad. The Republicans were 
dissatisfied with the administration's foreign policy 
and nominated for the presidency Chas. E. Hughes. 

The Democrats were content with the administra- 
tion's foreign policy, renominated Woodrow Wilson 
and won the election. 

The tariff, social reforms, labor problems, industr- 



OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 85 



ial affairs were pending issues; but secondary to the 
war. 



WOODKUW WILSON - Doinotrat ■ 1917-^)21. 
1 — Foreign Affjrrs ContiiiiK'd. 
A. Tlie Uiiit( <] Stntos ontois the War. 

On April 2, 1917, President Wilson called a spec- 
ial session of Congress and delivered his famous 
War Message asking Congress to declare that a 
state of war existed between the United States and 
the imperial German government. On April 6, 
Congress declared war. 

IJ. Causes. 

1 — Unrestricted submarine warafre. 

2 — Germany's policy in Belgium and her disregard 
for treaties. 

3 — Germany - a military world menace. 

4 — Sinking of the Lusitania resulting in the loss of 
American lives. 

5 — The ideals of democracy and American inde- 
pendence were threatened. 

6 — Germany's repeated attacks upon our ships on 
the high seas. 

C. Amerfca's War Aims. 

1 — To make the world safe for democracy, to se- 
cure a just settlement of European problems. 
2 — To abolish autocracy. 
3 — To establish a permanent peace basis, 

1). Preparations for War. 

1 — Officers' training camps, 

2 — Cantonments. 

3 — Volunteers for service. 

4 — Registration. 

5 — Selective Draft. 

E. Finaiiices. 

1 — Five government bond issues called Liberty 

Loans amounting to $16,000,000.00 were floated. 
2 — War Savings Stamps, 
3 — War taxes. Name some of them. 



F. Relief Organizations. 

1 — Red Cross societies organized. 

2— Y. M. C, A. 

3 — Salvation Army, 

4 — Knights of Columbus, etc. 



86 OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



(i. War Activities. 

1 — Two million American soldiers were trained, 
transported and ])laced in active service in Eur- 
ope under command of General Pershing. 

2 — Engagements. 
American soldiers took part in the great offen- 
sive of 1918. 

a. Chateau Thierry. 

b. Meuse. 

c. Argonne Forest. 

d. Cantigney. 

e. Belleau Wood. 

They gained every objective, captured thousands 
of prisoners, brought confidence to the Allied 
Troops, and forced the enemy to declare an Arm- 
istice, November 11, 1918. 

H. Kf'siilts: 

In February 1919, a Peace Conference was called in 

Versailles. 

1 — A League of Nations was created. Its object 
was to prevent future wars, and to act as a com- 
mittee of arbitration to adjust international diff- 
iculties. 

2 — Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France togeth- 
er with the coal mines of the Saar Valley. 

3 — Germany must pay for damaged civilian proper- 
ty and sunken ships. 

4 — Germany must reduce her military and naval 
establishments. 

.5 — Acknowledge the independence of Poland and 
Czecho-Slovaka. 

6 — Her colonies were taken from her. 

2. Eiglitenith Xiiu'iidinont. 

Prohibits the sale and manufacture of intoxicat- 
ing liquors. 

U. Niiioteentli A mend in out. 

Gives women the same right to vote as men. 

4. Election of 1020. 

The chief issue in the election of 1920 was the 
League of Nations. The Democrats stood for the 
League and supported their candidate James W. Cox. 
The Republicans were opposed and nominated as their 
candidate Warren G. Harding. After a spirited con- 
test, Harding was elected by an overwhelming major- 
ity. 



OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 87 



WARREN G. HARDING ■ Ropublican - 1021-19— 

Harding assumed the duties of his office on March 4, 
1921. One of his first official acts was to summon a 
Disarmament Conference to establish a new and more 
permanent basis of international understanding. 





FORM OF GOVERNMENT FOR TERRITORIES AND IN- 
SULAR POSSESSIONS. 

o 

1 — Distiict of rohimbia. 

a. Congress acts as local Legislature for the district. 

b. Administrative powers vested in the board of three 

commissioners appointed by President. 

c. Residents have no vote in election of either local or 

national officials. 

d. District of Columbia contains city of Washington. 

Area of District sixty square miles. 

2 — ALaska. 

a. Officials appointed by President. 

b. Representative in Congress may debate but not vote. 

3 — Hawaii. 

a. Governor appointed by President. 

b. Local legislature. 

c. Federal representative in Congress may debate but 

not vote. 

4— Porto Rico and tlie Pliilippiiies. 

a. These are dependencies, not territories. 

b. Have a local legislature. 

c. Represented in Congress by Commissioner elected by 

legislature. 

5 — Guam, TiitiiiLi Group, Samoa, Yap. 

a. Under control of Naval Officers in control of naval 
stations. 

6 — Panama Canal Zone. 

a. Governed by the Isthmian Canal Commission under 
the supervision of the War Department. 



88 OUTLINES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 

TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

o 

Introduction, Prehistoric America 3 

Period of Discovery and Exploration , 4 

Spanish Exploration 5 

French Explorations 7 

Dutch Explorations 8 

Period of Settlement and Colonization , 9 

Virginia 11 

Massachusetts 12 

Rhode Island. 16 

Pennsylvania 16 

Delaware 17 

New Hampshire 17 

New York 18 

Connecticut 20 

Maryland 21 

New Jersey 22 

North and South Carolina, Georgia 23 

Intercolonial Wars 27 

Period of Revolution 33 

Critical Period or Formation of the Union 42 

National Government under the Constitution 44 

Amendments to the Constitution 50 

Growth of Political Parties 51 

Territorial Growth of the United States 53 

Period of National Development 55 

Administrations 55 

Period of Civil War 65 

Period of Reconstruction and Growth 72 



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CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

GRAMMAR. 

U. S. HISTORY. 

PHYSIOLOGY. 

SCHOOL OFFICERS' ACCOUNT BOOKS. 

COMBINATION NUMBER CARDS. 

"EVERYTHING FOR SCHOOLS." 



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